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Phytoplankton blooms during austral summer in the Ross Sea Antarctica: Driving factors and trophic implications

机译：南极罗斯海南半球夏季浮游植物开花：驱动因素和营养意义

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During the austral summer of 2014, an oceanographic cruise was conducted in the Ross Sea in the framework of the RoME (Ross Sea Mesoscale Experiment) Project. Forty-three hydrological stations were sampled within three different areas: the northern Ross Sea (RoME 1), Terra Nova Bay (RoME 2), and the southern Ross Sea (RoME 3). The ecological and photophysiological characteristics of the phytoplankton were investigated (i.e., size structure, functional groups, PSII maximum quantum efficiency, photoprotective pigments), as related to hydrographic and chemical features. The aim was to identify the mechanisms that modulate phytoplankton blooms, and consequently, the fate of organic materials produced by the blooms. The observed biomass standing stocks were very high (e.g., integrated chlorophyll-a up to 371 mg m-2 in the top 100 m). Large differences in phytoplankton community composition, relative contribution of functional groups and photosynthetic parameters were observed among the three subsystems. The diatoms (in different physiological status) were the dominant taxa in RoME 1 and RoME 3; in RoME 1, a post-bloom phase was identified, whereas in RoME 3, an active phytoplankton bloom occurred. In RoME 2, diatoms co-occurred with Phaeocystis antarctica, but were vertically segregated by the upper mixed layer, with senescent diatoms dominating in the upper layer, and P. antarctica blooming in the deeper layer. The dominance of the phytoplankton micro-fraction over the whole area and the high Chl-a suggested the prevalence of non-grazed large cells, independent of the distribution of the two functional groups. These data emphasise the occurrence of significant temporal changes in the phytoplankton biomass in the Ross Sea during austral summer. The mechanisms that drive such changes and the fate of the carbon production are probably related to the variations in the limiting factors induced by the concurrent hydrological modifications to the Ross Sea, and they remain to be fully clarified. The comparison of conditions observed during summer 2014 and those reported for previous years reveal considerably different ecological assets that might be the result of current climate change. This suggests that further changes can be expected in the future, even at larger oceanic scales.
机译：2014年夏季，在RoME（罗斯海中尺度实验）项目的框架下，在罗斯海进行了一次海洋航行。在三个不同的区域采样了43个水文站：北部的罗斯海（RoME 1），Terra Nova湾（RoME 2）和南部的Ross Sea（RoME 3）。研究了浮游植物的生态和光生理特性（即大小结构，官能团，PSII最大量子效率，光防护色素），并与水文和化学特征有关。目的是确定调节浮游植物水华的机制，从而确定水华产生的有机物质的命运。观察到的生物量储备量非常高（例如，前100 m的整合叶绿素-a高达371 mg m -2 ）。在这三个子系统之间观察到了浮游植物群落组成，功能基团的相对贡献和光合参数的巨大差异。硅藻（处于不同生理状态）是RoME 1和RoME 3中的主要分类单元。在RoME 1中，确定了花后阶段，而在RoME 3中，发生了活跃的浮游植物开花。在RoME 2中，硅藻与南极藻类共生，但在上层混合层中垂直分离，衰老的硅藻在上层中占主导，南极疟原虫在更深层中开花。浮游植物微片段在整个区域上的优势和高Chl-a值表明非格拉兹大细胞的流行，与两个功能基团的分布无关。这些数据强调了在南方夏季，罗斯海浮游植物生物量发生了明显的时间变化。推动这种变化和碳生产命运的机制可能与由于同时对罗斯海进行水文改造而引起的限制因素的变化有关，尚待充分阐明。将2014年夏季观察到的状况与前几年报告的状况进行比较，发现可能是当前气候变化导致的生态资产差异很大。这表明即使在更大的海洋规模下，未来也有望发生进一步的变化。

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