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Temporal and Spatial Variability of Fungal Structures and Host Responses in an Incompatible Rust–Wheat Interaction

机译：锈-小麦互作中真菌结构的时空变异和宿主响应

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Information about temporal and spatial variability of fungal structures and host responses is scarce in comparison to the vast amount of genetic, biochemical, and physiological studies of host–pathogen interactions. In this study, we used avirulent wild type and virulent mutant isolates of Puccinia striiformis to characterize the interactions in wheat carrying yellow rust Yr2 resistance. Both conventional and advanced microscopic techniques were used for a detailed study of morphology and growth of fungal colonies and associated host cell responses. The growth of the wild type isolates was highly restricted due to hypersensitive response (HR, plant cell death) indicated by autofluorescence and change in the shape of the affected plant cells. The host response appeared post-haustorial, but large variation in the time and stage of arrest was observed for individual fungal colonies, probably due to a delay between detection and response. Some colonies were stopped right after the formation of the primary infection hyphae whereas others formed highly branched mycelia. HR was first observed in host cells in direct contact with fungal structures, after which the defense responses spread to adjacent host cells, and eventually led to encasement of the fungal colony. Several cells with HR contained haustoria, which were small and underdeveloped, but some cells contained normal sized haustoria without signs of hypersensitivity. The growth of the virulent mutants in the resistant plants was similar to the growth in plants without Yr2 resistance, which is a strong indication that the incompatible phenotype was associated with Yr2. The interaction between P. striiformis and wheat with Yr2 resistance was highly variable in time and space, which demonstrate that histological studies are important for a deeper understanding of host–pathogen interactions and plant defense mechanisms in general.
机译：与大量的宿主-病原体相互作用的遗传，生化和生理研究相比，关于真菌结构和宿主反应的时空变异性的信息很少。在这项研究中，我们使用无毒的野生型和强毒的条锈菌突变体菌株来表征携带黄锈病Yr2抗性的小麦中的相互作用。传统和先进的显微镜技术均用于真菌菌落的形态和生长以及相关宿主细胞反应的详细研究。野生型分离株的生长受到高度限制，这是由于自体荧光和受影响的植物细胞的形状改变所指示的超敏反应（HR，植物细胞死亡）。宿主反应在抽空后出现，但观察到单个真菌菌落的停滞时间和阶段有很大变化，这可能是由于检测和反应之间的延迟所致。一些菌落在原发感染菌丝形成后就停止了，而其他菌落则形成了高度分支的菌丝体。首先在与真菌结构直接接触的宿主细胞中观察到HR，此后防御反应扩散到邻近的宿主细胞，并最终导致真菌菌落的包裹。带有HR的几个细胞含有小而发育不全的haushaus，但是有些细胞包含正常大小的haustoria，没有超敏反应的迹象。抗性植物中有毒突变体的生长与没有Yr2抗性的植物中的生长相似，这强烈表明不相容的表型与Yr2相关。小麦条锈菌与具有Yr2抗性的小麦之间的相互作用在时间和空间上变化很大，这表明组织学研究对于深入了解宿主-病原体相互作用和植物防御机制具有重要意义。

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