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Contribution of muscle short-range stiffness to initial changes in joint kinetics and kinematics during perturbations to standing balance: a simulation study

机译：肌肉短程刚度对关节动能和运动学对站立平衡的初始变化的贡献：模拟研究

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Simulating realistic musculoskeletal dynamics is critical to understanding neural control of muscle activity evoked in sensorimotor feedback responses that have inherent neural transmission delays. Thus, the initial mechanical response of muscles to perturbations in the absence of any change in muscle activity determines which corrective neural responses are required to stabilize body posture. Muscle short-range stiffness, a history-dependent property of muscle that causes a rapid and transient rise in muscle force upon stretch, likely affects musculoskeletal dynamics in the initial mechanical response to perturbations. Here we identified the contributions of short-range stiffness to joint torques and angles in the initial mechanical response to support surface translations using dynamic simulation, respectively. We developed a dynamic model of muscle short-range stiffness to augment a Hill-type muscle model. Our simulations show that short-range stiffness can provide stability against external perturbations during the neuromechanical response delay. Assuming constant muscle activation during the initial mechanical response, including muscle short-range stiffness was necessary to account for the rapid rise in experimental sagittal plane knee and hip joint torques that occurs simultaneously with very small changes in joint angles and reduced root mean square errors between simulated and experimental torques by 56% and 47%, respectively. Moreover, forward simulations lacking short-range stiffness produced unreasonably large joint angle changes during the initial response. Using muscle models accounting for short-range stiffness along with other aspects of history-dependent muscle dynamics may be important to advance our ability to simulate inherently unstable human movements based on principles of neural control and biomechanics.
机译：模拟现实的肌肉骨骼动力学对于理解神经控制在固有运动传递延迟的感觉运动反馈反应中引起的肌肉活动至关重要。因此，在肌肉活动没有任何变化的情况下，肌肉对摄动的初始机械反应决定了需要哪种矫正神经反应来稳定体位。肌肉近距离刚度是一种肌肉的历史相关特性，在拉伸时会引起肌肉力的快速且短暂的升高，它可能会在对扰动的初始机械响应中影响肌肉骨骼动力学。在这里，我们使用动态模拟分别确定了短程刚度对关节扭矩和角度在初始机械响应中对支撑表面平移的贡献。我们开发了肌肉短程刚度的动态模型，以增强Hill型肌肉模型。我们的仿真表明，短程刚度可以在神经机械反应延迟期间提供抵抗外部扰动的稳定性。假设在初始机械反应过程中持续的肌肉激活（包括肌肉短程刚度）对于解决实验矢状面膝关节和髋关节扭矩的快速升高是必要的，而该扭矩同时发生于关节角度的很小变化和减小的均方根误差之间模拟和实验扭矩分别降低了56％和47％。此外，缺乏短程刚度的前向仿真在初始响应期间会产生不合理的大关节角度变化。使用考虑短程刚度的肌肉模型以及与历史相关的肌肉动力学的其他方面，对于提高我们基于神经控制和生物力学原理模拟固有的不稳定人体运动的能力可能很重要。

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