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Power in Methods: Language to Infants in Structured and Naturalistic Contexts

机译：方法的力量：结构化和自然主义语境中的婴儿语言

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摘要

Methods can powerfully affect conclusions about infant experiences and learning. Data from naturalistic observations may paint a very different picture of learning and development than those based on structured tasks, as illustrated in studies of infant walking, object permanence, intention understanding, and so forth. Using language as a model system, we compared the speech of 40 mothers to their 13-month old infants during structured play and naturalistic home routines. The contrasting methods yielded unique portrayals of infant language experiences, while simultaneously underscoring cross-situational correspondence at an individual level. Infants experienced substantially more total words and different words per minute during structured play than they did during naturalistic routines. Language input during structured play was consistently dense from minute to minute, whereas language during naturalistic routines showed striking fluctuations interspersed with silence. Despite these differences, infants’ language experiences during structured play mirrored the peak language interactions infants experienced during naturalistic routines, and correlations between language inputs in the two conditions were strong. The implications of developmental methods for documenting the nature of experiences and individual differences are discussed.
机译：方法可以极大地影响有关婴儿经历和学习的结论。从自然观察得到的数据可能会描绘出与基于结构化任务的学习和发展完全不同的画面，如婴儿行走，物体持久性，意图理解等方面的研究所示。我们以语言为模型系统，比较了40位母亲与其13个月大婴儿在结构化游戏和自然主义家庭生活中的讲话能力。对比方法产生了婴儿语言体验的独特写照，同时强调了个人层面的跨情境对应。与自然习俗相比，婴儿在结构化游戏中每分钟经历的总单词数和不同单词数要多得多。在有组织的比赛中，语言输入在每一分钟中始终是密集的，而在自然主义惯例中的语言则表现出惊人的波动，并散布着沉默。尽管存在这些差异，但婴儿在结构化游戏过程中的语言体验反映了婴儿在自然主义惯例中经历的高峰语言互动，并且在两种情况下语言输入之间的相关性很强。讨论了开发方法用于记录经验和个体差异的含义。

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