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Towards Standardization of X-ray Beam Filters in Digital Mammography and Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: Monte Carlo simulations and analytical modelling

机译：致力于数字化乳腺摄影和数字化乳房断层合成中X射线束滤波器的标准化：蒙特卡洛模拟和分析模型

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In digital breast tomosynthesis and digital mammography, the x-ray beam filter material and thickness vary between systems. Replacing K-edge filters with Al was investigated with the intent to reduce exposure duration and to simplify system design. Tungsten target x-ray spectra were simulated with K-edge filters (50μm Rh; 50μm Ag) and Al filters of varying thickness. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted to quantify the x-ray scatter from various filters alone, scatter-to-primary ratio (SPR) with compressed breasts, and to determine the radiation dose to the breast. These data were used to analytically compute the signal-difference-to-noise ratio (SDNR) at unit (1 mGy) mean glandular dose (MGD) for W/Rh and W/Ag spectra. At SDNR matched between K-edge and Al filtered spectra, the reductions in exposure duration and MGD were quantified for three strategies: (i) fixed Al thickness and matched tube potential in kilovolts (kV); (ii) fixed Al thickness and varying the kV to match the half-value layer (HVL) between Al and K-edge filtered spectra; and, (iii) matched kV and varying the Al thickness to match the HVL between Al and K-edge filtered spectra. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the SPR with and without the breast were not different between Al and K-edge filters. Modelling for fixed Al thickness (700μm) and kV matched to K-edge filtered spectra, identical SDNR was achieved with 37–57% reduction in exposure duration and with 2–20% reduction in MGD, depending on breast thickness. Modelling for fixed Al thickness (700μm) and HVL matched by increasing the kV over [0,4] range, identical SDNR was achieved with 62–65% decrease in exposure duration and with 2–24% reduction in MGD, depending on breast thickness. For kV and HVL matched to K-edge filtered spectra by varying Al filter thickness over [700,880]μm range, identical SDNR was achieved with 23–56% reduction in exposure duration and 2–20% reduction in MGD, depending on breast thickness. These simulations indicate that increased fluence with Al filter of fixed or variable thickness substantially decreases exposure duration while providing for similar image quality with moderate reduction in MGD.
机译：在数字乳腺断层合成和数字乳腺摄影中，X射线束过滤器的材料和厚度在系统之间有所不同。为了减少曝光时间并简化系统设计，对用Al代替K边缘滤光片进行了研究。使用K边缘滤光片（50μmRh；50μmAg）和不同厚度的Al滤光片模拟了钨靶x射线光谱。进行了蒙特卡洛模拟以量化单独来自各种滤光片的X射线散射，压缩乳房时的散射与原始比（SPR），并确定对乳房的辐射剂量。这些数据用于分析计算W / Rh和W / Ag光谱的单位（1 mGy）平均腺体剂量（MGD）时的信噪比（SDNR）。在K边缘和Al滤波光谱之间的SDNR匹配下，采用以下三种策略对暴露时间和MGD的减少进行了量化： （ii）固定Al厚度并改变kV以匹配Al和K边缘滤波光谱之间的半值层（HVL）； （iii）匹配kV并改变Al厚度以匹配Al和K边缘滤波光谱之间的HVL。蒙特卡洛模拟表明，带和不带乳房的SPR在Al和K边缘过滤器之间没有差异。对固定的Al厚度（700μm）和kV与K边缘滤波光谱匹配的模型进行建模，可以获得相同的SDNR，根据乳房厚度的不同，暴露时间减少37–57％，MGD减少2–20％。根据固定的Al厚度（700μm）和通过在[0,4]范围内增加kV匹配的HVL建模，可以获得相同的SDNR，暴露时间减少62–65％，MGD减少2–24％，具体取决于乳房厚度。对于通过在[700,880]μm范围内改变Al滤光片厚度，使kV和HVL与K边缘滤光光谱匹配的情况，根据乳房厚度的不同，可以获得相同的SDNR，暴露时间减少23–56％，MGD减少2–20％。这些模拟表明，固定厚度或可变厚度的Al滤镜的通量提高会显着减少曝光时间，同时提供相似的图像质量，同时MGD会适度降低。

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