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Using Ecological Product Functions to Link Ecological Processes to Ecosystem Services

机译：使用生态产品功能将生态过程与生态系统服务联系起来

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Ecological production functions (EPFs) link ecosystems, stressors, and management actions to ecosystem services (ES) production. Although EPFs are acknowledged as being essential to improve environmental management, their use in ecological risk assessment has received relatively little attention. Ecological production functions may be defined as usable expressions (i.e., models) of the processes by which ecosystems produce ES, often including external influences on those processes. We identify key attributes of EPFs and discuss both actual and idealized examples of their use to inform decision making. Whenever possible, EPFs should estimate final, rather than intermediate, ES. Although various types of EPFs have been developed, we suggest that EPFs are more useful for decision making if they quantify ES outcomes, respond to ecosystem condition, respond to stressor levels or management scenarios, reflect ecological complexity, rely on data with broad coverage, have performed well previously, are practical to use, and are open and transparent. In an example using pesticides, we illustrate how EPFs with these attributes could enable the inclusion of ES in ecological risk assessment. The biggest challenges to ES inclusion are limited data sets that are easily adapted for use in modeling EPFs and generally poor understanding of linkages among ecological components and the processes that ultimately deliver the ES. We conclude by advocating for the incorporation into EPFs of added ecological complexity and greater ability to represent the trade-offs among ES.
机译：生态生产功能（EPF）将生态系统，压力源和管理措施与生态系统服务（ES）生产联系起来。尽管公认为EPF对于改善环境管理至关重要，但其在生态风险评估中的使用却很少受到关注。生态生产函数可以定义为生态系统生产生态系统的过程的可用表达式（即模型），通常包括对那些过程的外部影响。我们确定了EPF的关键属性，并讨论了其用于指导决策的实际和理想示例。 EPF应尽可能估算最终的而不是中间的ES。尽管已经开发了各种类型的EPF，但我们建议，如果EPF量化ES结果，对生态系统状况做出响应，对压力水平或管理情景做出响应，反映生态复杂性，依赖具有广泛覆盖范围的数据，之前表现良好，实用且开放透明。在使用农药的示例中，我们说明了具有这些属性的EPF如何使ES纳入生态风险评估中。纳入环境与社会的最大挑战是有限的数据集，这些数据集很容易用于建模EPF，并且对生态成分之间的联系以及最终提供环境与社会的过程的理解普遍较差。最后，我们主张将更多的生态复杂性和更大的表达ES之间权衡的能力纳入EPF。

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