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Numerical Study on the Stomatal Responses to Dry-Hot Wind Episodes and Its Effects on Land-Atmosphere Interactions

机译：干热风气孔响应及其对陆-气相互作用影响的数值研究

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The wheat production in midland China is under serious threat by frequent Dry-Hot Wind (DHW) episodes with high temperature, low moisture and specific wind as well as intensive heat transfer and evapotranspiration. The numerical simulations of these episodes are important for monitoring grain yield and estimating agricultural water demand. However, uncertainties still remain despite that enormous experiments and modeling studies have been conducted concerning this issue, due to either inaccurate synoptic situation derived from mesoscale weather models or unrealistic parameterizations of stomatal physiology in land surface models. Hereby, we investigated the synoptic characteristics of DHW with widely-used mesoscale model Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) and the effects of leaf physiology on surface evapotranspiration by comparing two land surface models: The Noah land surface model, and Peking University Land Model (PKULM) with stomata processes included. Results show that the WRF model could well replicate the synoptic situations of DHW. Two types of DHW were identified: (1) prevailing heated dry wind stream forces the formation of DHW along with intense sensible heating and (2) dry adiabatic processes overflowing mountains. Under both situations, the PKULM can reasonably model the stomatal closure phenomena, which significantly decreases both evapotranspiration and net ecosystem exchange of canopy, while these phenomena cannot be resolved in the Noah simulations. Therefore, our findings suggest that the WRF-PKULM coupled method may be a more reliable tool to investigate and forecast DHW as well as be instructive to crop models.
机译：中国中部地区的小麦生产受到高温，低湿和比风的频繁干热风（DHW）事件以及强烈的热传递和蒸散作用的严重威胁。这些事件的数值模拟对于监控谷物产量和估计农业需水量非常重要。然而，尽管由于中尺度天气模型产生的不准确天气概况或陆地表面模型中气孔生理参数不切实际，但仍对此问题进行了大量实验和建模研究，仍存在不确定性。在此，我们通过比较两种陆面模型：诺亚陆面模型和北大陆面模型，研究了广泛使用的中尺度模型天气研究与预报（WRF）的DHW的天气特征以及叶片生理对表面蒸散的影响。 PKULM），包括气孔处理。结果表明，WRF模型可以很好地复制DHW的天气情况。确定了两种类型的DHW：（1）普遍存在的干燥热风迫使DHW连同强烈的显热一起形成，以及（2）满山的干绝热过程。在这两种情况下，PKULM都可以合理地对气孔闭合现象进行建模，这大大减少了树冠的蒸散量和净生态系统交换，而这些现象在Noah模拟中无法解决。因此，我们的发现表明，WRF-PKULM耦合方法可能是研究和预测DHW的更可靠工具，并且对作物模型具有指导意义。

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