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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>other >The Days and Nights of Zoo Elephants: Using Epidemiology to Better Understand Stereotypic Behavior of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) and Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in North American Zoos
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The Days and Nights of Zoo Elephants: Using Epidemiology to Better Understand Stereotypic Behavior of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) and Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) in North American Zoos

机译：动物园大象的昼夜：使用流行病学更好地了解北美动物园中非洲大象（Loxodonta africana）和亚洲大象（Elephas maximus）的刻板行为

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Stereotypic behavior is an important indicator of compromised welfare. Zoo elephants are documented to perform stereotypic behavior, but the factors that contribute to performance have not been systematically assessed. We collected behavioral data on 89 elephants (47 African [Loxodonta africana], 42 Asian [Elephas maximus]) at 39 North American zoos during the summer and winter. Elephants were videoed for a median of 12 daytime hours per season. A subset of 32 elephants (19 African, 13 Asian) was also observed live for a median of 10.5 nighttime hours. Percentages of visible behavior scans were calculated from five minute instantaneous samples. Stereotypic behavior was the second most commonly performed behavior (after feeding), making up 15.5% of observations during the daytime and 24.8% at nighttime. Negative binomial regression models fitted with generalized estimating equations were used to determine which social, housing, management, life history, and demographic variables were associated with daytime and nighttime stereotypic behavior rates. Species was a significant risk factor in both models, with Asian elephants at greater risk (daytime: p<0.001, Risk Ratio = 4.087; nighttime: p<0.001, Risk Ratio = 8.015). For both species, spending time housed separately (p<0.001, Risk Ratio = 1.009), and having experienced inter-zoo transfers (p<0.001, Risk Ratio = 1.175), increased the risk of performing higher rates of stereotypy during the day, while spending more time with juvenile elephants (p<0.001, Risk Ratio = 0.985), and engaging with zoo staff reduced this risk (p = 0.018, Risk Ratio = 0.988). At night, spending more time in environments with both indoor and outdoor areas (p = 0.013, Risk Ratio = 0.987) and in larger social groups (p = 0.039, Risk Ratio = 0.752) corresponded with reduced risk of performing higher rates of stereotypy, while having experienced inter-zoo transfers (p = 0.033, Risk Ratio = 1.115) increased this risk. Overall, our results indicate that factors related to the social environment are most influential in predicting elephant stereotypic behavior rates.
机译：刻板印象行为是福利受损的重要指标。据记录，动物园里的大象会表现出定型行为，但尚未系统评估影响表现的因素。我们在夏季和冬季收集了39个北美动物园的89头大象（47头非洲[Loxodonta africana]，42头亚洲[Elephas maximus]）的行为数据。大象每季的平均白天时间为12小时。还观察到有32头大象的子集（19头非洲人，13头亚洲人）活着，平均夜间时间为10.5小时。从五分钟的瞬时样本中计算可见行为扫描的百分比。刻板行为是第二​​常见的行为（进食后），占白天观察值的15.5％，夜间观察值的24.8％。负二项式回归模型与广义估计方程拟合用于确定哪些社会，住房，管理，生活史和人口统计学变量与白天和夜间的定型行为发生率相关。在这两个模型中，物种都是重要的危险因素，亚洲象的危险更大（白天：p <0.001，风险比= 4.087；夜间：p <0.001，风险比= 8.015）。对于这两个物种，花费时间单独居住（p <0.001，风险比= 1.009），并且经历过动物间转移（p <0.001，风险比= 1.175），增加了白天进行较高定型率的风险，同时花更多的时间与幼象（p <0.001，风险比= 0.985），并与动物园工作人员互动降低了这种风险（p = 0.018，风险比= 0.988）。到了晚上，在室内和室外区域（p = 0.013，风险比= 0.987）和较大的社会群体（p = 0.039，风险比= 0.752）中花费更多的时间，可以降低较高的成见率，而经历过动物间转移（p = 0.033，风险比= 1.115）会增加这种风险。总体而言，我们的结果表明，与社会环境有关的因素在预测大象定型行为发生率方面影响最大。

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