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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>other >Regional Comparison of Organophosphate Flame Retardant (PFRs) Urinary Metabolites and Tetrabromobenzoic Acid (TBBA) In Mother-Toddler Pairs from California and New Jersey
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Regional Comparison of Organophosphate Flame Retardant (PFRs) Urinary Metabolites and Tetrabromobenzoic Acid (TBBA) In Mother-Toddler Pairs from California and New Jersey

机译：来自加利福尼亚和新泽西州的母婴对中有机磷阻燃剂（PFRs）尿液代谢物和四溴代苯甲酸（TBBA）的区域比较

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The use of alternative chemical flame retardants in consumer products is increasing as the result of the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Today, the most commonly detected alternatives in residential furniture include the organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs) and the Firemaster 550® mixture (FM550). Urinary levels of dialkyl and diaryl phosphate esters, and 2-ethylhexyl tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) have been used as biomarkers of human exposure to PFRs and FM550, respectively. In a previous study, we demonstrated that toddlers had significantly higher levels of PFRs relative to their mothers in a cohort from New Jersey; however, it is unclear if there are regional differences in exposure. It is possible that exposure to PFRs may be higher in California relative to other US States due to the California flammability standard, as was seen previously observed for PBDEs. In the current study, we examined urinary levels of PFR metabolites and TBBA in 28 mother-child pairs from California, USA, collected in 2015, and compared them with levels measured in our previous study from New Jersey. Urine samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), isopropyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (ip-PPP), bis(1,3-dichloro-2propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and BCIPHIPP conjugates were detected in 100% of mother and child urine samples, while bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), tert-butyl-phenyl phenyl phosphate (tb-PPP) and TBBA were detected in <50% of samples. Interestingly, BCIPHIPP conjugates were detected in 100% of the urine samples, suggesting ubiquitous exposure to the parent compound, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP). The current study found significantly higher BDCIPP levels in California toddlers and higher and ip-PPP levels in mothers as compared to the New Jersey cohort, which may be reflective of California’s furniture flammability standard. For example, BDCIPP levels in California children were 2.4 times higher than those in New Jersey children. Consistent with our previous work, the current study showed higher PFR and EH-TBB exposure in children, likely due to increased hand-mouth behavior. Children’s DPHP and BDCIPP levels, on average, were 5.9 times and 15 times those of their mothers. Positive correlations between paired mothers and their children were shown for DPHP and BCIPHIPP conjugates but not BDCIPP or ip-PPP. In the children, several predictors of hand-mouth behavior were associated with BDCIPP, DPHP and ip-PPP urine levels, but no associations were observed with BCIPHIPP conjugates.
机译：由于多溴联苯醚的逐步淘汰，消费类产品中替代化学阻燃剂的使用正在增加。如今，在住宅家具中最常见的替代品包括有机磷酸盐阻燃剂（PFR）和Firemaster550®混合物（FM550）。尿中的磷酸二烷基酯和二芳基磷酸酯，以及2-乙基己基四溴苯甲酸酯（EH-TBB）已分别用作人类暴露于PFR和FM550的生物标志物。在先前的研究中，我们证明，在新泽西州的一个队列中，相对于母亲而言，幼儿的PFR水平明显更高。但是，目前尚不清楚暴露的区域差异。如先前在多溴二苯醚中观察到的那样，由于加利福尼亚的可燃性标准，加利福尼亚的PFR暴露量可能相对于其他美国州更高。在本研究中，我们检查了2015年收集的来自美国加利福尼亚州的28对母子对中PFR代谢产物和TBBA的尿水平，并将其与我们先前在新泽西州的研究中测得的水平进行了比较。使用固相萃取法提取尿液样品，并通过液相色谱串联质谱法（LC-MS / MS）进行分析。在100％的母亲和儿童尿液样本中检测到磷酸二苯酯（DPHP），异丙基-苯基苯基磷酸酯（ip-PPP），磷酸双（1,3-二氯-2丙基）酯和BCIPHIPP结合物，而双（1在<50％的样品中检测到了磷酸-氯-2-丙基）磷酸酯（BCIPP），叔丁基苯基磷酸苯酯（tb-PPP）和TBBA。有趣的是，在100％的尿液样本中检测到BCIPHIPP缀合物，表明普遍存在于母体化合物磷酸三（1-氯-2-丙基）酯（TCIPP）中。目前的研究发现，与新泽西州的人群相比，加利福尼亚州的幼儿的BDCIPP水平明显较高，母亲的IP-PPP水平较高，这可能反映了加利福尼亚州的家具易燃性标准。例如，加利福尼亚儿童的BDCIPP水平是新泽西儿童的2.4倍。与我们之前的工作一致，本研究表明，儿童的PFR和EH-TBB暴露较高，这可能是由于手口行为增加所致。儿童的DPHP和BDCIPP平均水平是母亲的5.9倍和15倍。 DPHP和BCIPHIPP共轭物显示配对母亲与其子女之间呈正相关，而BDCIPP或ip-PPP未显示。在儿童中，手口行为的几种预测因子与BDCIPP，DPHP和ip-PPP尿液水平相关，但未观察到与BCIPHIPP结合物的相关性。

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