Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for aquatic organisms; however, excessive P inflow to limnetic ecosystems can induce eutrophication. P concentrations in the rivers, wetlands and lakes of Eastern China have been amplified by fertilizer and sewage inputs associated with the development of industry and agriculture. Yet, knowledge of the distribution and speciation of P is lacking at the regional scale. We determined the distribution and speciation of P in limnetic ecosystems in Eastern China using Standards, Measurements and Testing (SMT) and phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR). The results indicate that P pollution in surface sediments was serious. Inorganic P (Pi) was the primary drive of variation in total P (TP) among different river systems, and Pi accounted for 71% to 90% of TP in surface sediment in Eastern China. Also, the concentrations of TP and Pi varied among watersheds and Pi primarily drove the variation in TP in different watersheds. Sediments less than 10-cm deep served as the main P reservoir. Environmental factors affect the speciation and origin of P. NaOH-Pi, HCl-Pi and organic P (Po) were related to pH accordingly at the regional scale. The physicochemical properties of sediments from different limnetic ecosystems affect the P speciation. HCl-Pi was higher in wetland sediments than in riverine and lake sediments in Eastern China. Conversely, NaOH-Pi was lowest in wetland sediments. Total Po concentration was lower in riverine sediments than in other sediments, but Mono-P was higher, with an average concentration of 48 mg kg−1. Diesters-P was highest in lake sediments. By revealing the regional distribution of TP, Pi and Po, this study will support eutrophication management in Eastern China.
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机译：磷（P）是水生生物必需的营养素。然而，过多的磷流入边缘生态系统会引起富营养化。随着工业和农业的发展，化肥和污水投入增加了中国东部河流，湿地和湖泊中的磷浓度。然而，在区域范围内缺乏对磷的分布和形态的了解。我们使用标准，测量和测试（SMT）和磷核磁共振（ 31 P-NMR）确定了华东边缘生态系统中磷的分布和形态。结果表明，表层沉积物中磷污染严重。无机磷（Pi）是不同河流系统中总磷（TP）变化的主要驱动力，而磷占中国东部表层沉积物中总磷的71％至90％。而且，TP和Pi的浓度在流域之间变化，而Pi则主要推动了不同流域中TP的变化。小于10厘米深的沉积物是主要的P储层。环境因素影响P.的形态和来源。NaOH-Pi，HCl-Pi和有机P（Po）在区域范围内与pH值相关。来自不同边缘生态系统的沉积物的理化性质会影响磷的形态。在中国东部，湿地沉积物中的HCl-Pi高于河流和湖泊沉积物中的HCl-Pi。相反，NaOH-Pi在湿地沉积物中最低。河流沉积物中的总Po浓度低于其他沉积物中，但Mono-P较高，平均浓度为48 mg kg -1 。 Diesters-P在湖泊沉积物中最高。通过揭示TP，Pi和Po的区域分布，本研究将支持中国东部的富营养化管理。
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