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Reactance to Transgressors: Why Authorities Deliver Harsher Penalties When the Social Context Elicits Expectations of Leniency

机译：对违法者的反应：当社会背景引起宽恕的期望时当局为什么要施加严厉的惩罚

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摘要

This paper combines experimental and field data to examine how authorities with discretion over how rules are enforced penalize transgressors when the social context of the transgression elicits expectations of leniency. Specifically, we test how transgressors are punished when it is their birthday: a day that triggers expectations of lenient treatment. First, in three scenario studies we explore individuals’ intuitions about how they would behave and expect to be treated if they transgressed on their birthdays, as well as how they would imagine penalizing a birthday transgressor. Second, using more than 134,000 arrest records for drunk driving in Washington State, we establish that police officers penalize drivers more harshly when it is their birthday. Then, in a lab experiment in which we grant participants discretion over enforcing the rules of an essay-writing contest, we test psychological reactance toward transgressors who make their birthday salient, even subtly, as the mechanism behind this increased stringency. We rule out several alternative explanations for this effect, including public safety concerns, negative affect and overcompensation for bias. We conclude with a discussion of the theoretical and practical implications of our findings for the literatures on punishment, rule-breaking, and legal transgressions.
机译：本文结合了实验数据和实地数据，研究了当犯罪的社会背景引起宽大处理的期望时，当局如何酌处执行规则以惩罚犯罪者。具体来说，我们测试了违法者在其生日那天如何受到惩罚：这一天会触发对宽大处理的期望。首先，在三项情景研究中，我们探讨了个人的直觉，即他们在生日时过犯时的行为方式和期望得到的待遇，以及他们如何想象惩罚过生日的犯罪者。其次，我们使用超过134,000个在华盛顿州酒后驾车的逮捕记录，我们确定警务人员在生日那天对司机进行更严厉的处罚。然后，在一项实验中，我们授予参与者酌情权来执行一篇论文写作竞赛的规则，我们测试了对犯规者的心理反应，这些犯规者甚至以微妙的方式使自己的生日变得更加重要，以此作为这种严格性背后的机制。我们排除了对此影响的几种其他解释，包括公共安全问题，负面影响和偏见的过度补偿。最后，我们讨论了我们的发现对惩罚，违反规则和违法行为的文献的理论和实践意义。

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