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Carbon Abatement and Emissions Associated with the Gasification of Walnut Shells for Bioenergy and Biochar Production

机译:与核桃壳气化相关的碳减排和排放以生产生物能源和生物炭

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摘要

By converting biomass residue to biochar, we could generate power cleanly and sequester carbon resulting in overall greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) savings when compared to typical fossil fuel usage and waste disposal. We estimated the carbon dioxide (CO2) abatements and emissions associated to the concurrent production of bioenergy and biochar through biomass gasification in an organic walnut farm and processing facility in California, USA. We accounted for (i) avoided-CO2 emissions from displaced grid electricity by bioenergy; (ii) CO2 emissions from farm machinery used for soil amendment of biochar; (iii) CO2 sequestered in the soil through stable biochar-C; and (iv) direct CO2 and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil. The objective of these assessments was to pinpoint where the largest C offsets can be expected in the bioenergy-biochar chain. We found that energy production from gasification resulted in 91.8% of total C offsets, followed by stable biochar-C (8.2% of total C sinks), offsetting a total of 107.7 kg CO2-C eq Mg-1 feedstock. At the field scale, we monitored gas fluxes from soils for 29 months (180 individual observations) following field management and precipitation events in addition to weekly measurements within three growing seasons and two tree dormancy periods. We compared four treatments: control, biochar, compost, and biochar combined with compost. Biochar alone or in combination with compost did not alter total N2O and CO2 emissions from soils, indicating that under the conditions of this study, biochar-prompted C offsets may not be expected from the mitigation of direct soil GHG emissions. However, this study revealed a case where a large environmental benefit was given by the waste-to-bioenergy treatment, addressing farm level challenges such as waste management, renewable energy generation, and C sequestration.
机译:通过将生物质残余物转化为生物碳,与典型的化石燃料使用和废物处理相比,我们可以清洁地发电并隔离碳,从而节省总体温室气体排放量(GHG)。我们估算了在美国加利福尼亚州的一个有机核桃农场和加工设施中通过生物质气化同时生产生物能源和生物炭产生的二氧化碳(CO2)减少量和排放量。我们考虑了以下因素:(i)通过生物能源避免的置换电网电力产生的CO2排放; (ii)用于生物炭土壤改良的农业机械的二氧化碳排放量; (iii)通过稳定的生物炭将二氧化碳封存在土壤中; (iv)从土壤中直接排放CO2和一氧化二氮(N2O)。这些评估的目的是查明在生物能源-生物炭链中可以预期的最大碳补偿量。我们发现,气化产生的能量导致总碳抵消的91.8%,其次是稳定的生物碳(总碳汇的8.2%),抵消了总计107.7千克的CO2-C当量Mg -1 原料。在田间尺度上,除了在三个生长季节和两个树木休眠期进行每周测量外,我们还对田间管理和降水事件之后的29个月(180个单独观测值)中的土壤通气量进行了监测。我们比较了四种处理:对照,生物炭,堆肥和生物炭与堆肥结合。单独使用生物炭或与堆肥结合使用不会改变土壤中N2O和CO2的总排放量,这表明,在本研究条件下,减少直接土壤GHG的排放可能无法预期生物炭引起的碳补偿。然而,这项研究揭示了一个案例,其中废物转化为生物能源的处理给环境带来了巨大的收益,解决了农场一级的挑战,例如废物管理,可再生能源的生产和固碳。

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