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Delineating a New Heterothallic Species of Volvox (Volvocaceae Chlorophyceae) Using New Strains of Volvox africanus

机译：使用非洲伏牛的新菌株划定沃尔沃的新杂种（沃尔科绿藻科）

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The volvocine algae represent an excellent model lineage in which to study evolution of female and male genders based on comparative analyses of related species. Among these species, Volvox carteri has been extensively studied as a model of an oogamous and complex organism. However, it may have unique derived features that are not present in other species of Volvox. Therefore, information regarding the characteristics of sexual reproduction of other species of Volvox is also important. In 1971, Starr studied four types of sexuality in several global strains identified as Volvox africanus; however, further taxonomic studies of these strains have been lacking, and strains of three of the four sexual types are not available. Here, we studied the morphology, sexual reproduction, and taxonomy of two V. africanus-like species isolated recently from Lake Biwa, Japan. These two species were very similar to two sexual types described by Starr in 1971: one producing dioecious sexual spheroids in heterothallic strains and the other forming both male spheroids and monoecious spheroids in a single strain. The former species produced zygotes with a reticulate cell wall, whereas a smooth zygote wall was observed in the latter species as in V. africanus previously reported from various localities around the world. Our multigene phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that these are sister species to each other. However, the presence of a compensatory base change in the most conserved region of the secondary structure of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer-2, hybrid inviability demonstrated by intercrossing experiments, and morphological differences in the density of abutment between the gelatinous material of adjacent cells (individual sheaths) in the spheroid supported the recognition of the two species, V. africanus having a smooth zygote wall and V. reticuliferus Nozaki sp. nov. having a reticulate zygote wall.
机译：火山藻代表了一个极好的模型谱系，在该谱系中，根据相关物种的比较分析来研究雌性和雄性的进化。在这些物种中，对Volvox Carteri进行了广泛研究，以作为卵生和复杂生物的模型。但是，它可能具有其他Volvox物种所不具备的独特派生功能。因此，有关Volvox其他物种的有性生殖特征的信息也很重要。 1971年，斯塔尔（Starr）研究了几种全球性毒株中的四种类型的性行为，这些毒株被鉴定为非洲伏牛。但是，尚缺乏对这些菌株的进一步分类学研究，并且无法获得四种性类型中的三种的菌株。在这里，我们研究了最近从日本琵琶湖中分离出来的两个非洲象鼻吸虫的形态，有性繁殖和分类学。这两个物种与Starr在1971年描述的两种有性类型非常相似：一种在异源性菌株中产生雌雄异体的球体，另一种在单个菌株中既形成雄性球体又形成单性球体。前一种物种产生的网状合子具有网状细胞壁，而后一种物种中观察到的光滑合子壁如先前在世界各地报道的非洲非洲弧菌一样。我们的多基因系统发育分析表明，它们彼此是姐妹物种。然而，核糖体DNA内部转录间隔区2的二级结构中最保守的区域中存在一个补偿性碱基的变化，交叉实验证明了杂交的可行性，并且相邻细胞的凝胶状物质之间的邻接密度存在形态差异球体中的（单个鞘）支持了对这两个物种的识别，具有光滑的合子壁的非洲V. reticuliferus Nozaki sp.。十一月具有网状合子壁。

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