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Hunting Exotic Carnivores and Habitat Loss: Anthropogenic Effects on a Native Carnivore Community Madagascar

机译：狩猎外来食肉动物和栖息地丧失：马达加斯加本地食肉动物社区的人为影响

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The wide-ranging, cumulative, negative effects of anthropogenic disturbance, including habitat degradation, exotic species, and hunting, on native wildlife has been well documented across a range of habitats worldwide with carnivores potentially being the most vulnerable due to their more extinction prone characteristics. Investigating the effects of anthropogenic pressures on sympatric carnivores is needed to improve our ability to develop targeted, effective management plans for carnivore conservation worldwide. Utilizing photographic, line-transect, and habitat sampling, as well as landscape analyses and village-based bushmeat hunting surveys, we provide the first investigation of how multiple forms of habitat degradation (fragmentation, exotic carnivores, human encroachment, and hunting) affect carnivore occupancy across Madagascar’s largest protected area: the Masoala-Makira landscape. We found that as degradation increased, native carnivore occupancy and encounter rates decreased while exotic carnivore occupancy and encounter rates increased. Feral cats (Felis species) and domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) had higher occupancy than half of the native carnivore species across Madagascar’s largest protected landscape. Bird and small mammal encounter rates were negatively associated with exotic carnivore occupancy, but positively associated with the occupancy of four native carnivore species. Spotted fanaloka (Fossa fossana) occupancy was constrained by the presence of exotic feral cats and exotic small Indian civet (Viverricula indica). Hunting was intense across the four study sites where hunting was studied, with the highest rates for the small Indian civet (x¯ = 90 individuals consumed/year), the ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) (x¯ = 58 consumed/year), and the fosa (Cryptoprocta ferox) (x¯ = 31 consumed/year). Our modeling results suggest hunters target intact forest where carnivore occupancy, abundance, and species richness, are highest. These various anthropogenic pressures and their effects on carnivore populations, especially increases in exotic carnivores and hunting, have wide-ranging, global implications and demand effective management plans to target the influx of exotic carnivores and unsustainable hunting that is affecting carnivore populations across Madagascar and worldwide.
机译：人为干扰，包括栖息地退化，外来物种和狩猎，对本地野生生物的广泛，累积，负面影响已在全球范围内的许多栖息地中得到了充分记录，食肉动物由于其更容易灭绝而可能是最脆弱的。需要调查人为压力对同伴食肉动物的影响，以提高我们为全世界食肉动物保护制定有针对性的有效管理计划的能力。利用摄影，线样和栖息地采样，以及景观分析和基于村庄的丛林肉狩猎调查，我们首次调查了多种形式的栖息地退化（破碎，外来食肉动物，人类入侵和狩猎）如何影响食肉动物马达加斯加最大的保护区的游客：Masoala-Makira景观。我们发现，随着退化的加剧，本地食肉动物的占有率和遭遇率降低，而异国食肉动物的占有率和遭遇率增加。在马达加斯加最大的受保护景观中，野猫（猫属物种）和家犬（犬类）的占有率高于一半的本地肉食动物。鸟类和小型哺乳动物的遭遇率与外来食肉动物的占有率呈负相关，但与四种本土食肉动物的占有率呈正相关。斑斑的非洲野猫（Fossa fossana）的入住受到外来野猫和外来印度小灵猫（Viverricula indica）的影响。在研究狩猎的四个研究地点中，狩猎活动都非常活跃，其中以小型印度灵猫的狩猎率最高（ x ¯ = 90 （每年消耗的个体），环尾的vontsira（Galidia elegans）（ x ¯ = 58 （每年消耗），以及fosa（Cryptoprocta ferox）（ x ¯ = < / mtext> 31 /年）。我们的建模结果表明，猎人的目标是完整的森林，其中食肉动物的占有率，丰富度和物种丰富度最高。这些各种人为压力及其对食肉动物种群的影响，特别是外来食肉动物和狩猎的增加，具有广泛的全球影响，并要求制定有效的管理计划，以针对外来食肉动物的涌入和不可持续的狩猎，这影响了马达加斯加乃至全世界的食肉动物。

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