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Energy Expenditure and Metabolic Changes of Free-Flying Migrating Northern Bald Ibis

机译：自由移动的北秃头宜必思酒店的能源支出和代谢变化

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摘要

Many migrating birds undertake extraordinary long flights. How birds are able to perform such endurance flights of over 100-hour durations is still poorly understood. We examined energy expenditure and physiological changes in Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremite during natural flights using birds trained to follow an ultra-light aircraft. Because these birds were tame, with foster parents, we were able to bleed them immediately prior to and after each flight. Flight duration was experimentally designed ranging between one and almost four hours continuous flights. Energy expenditure during flight was estimated using doubly-labelled-water while physiological properties were assessed through blood chemistry including plasma metabolites, enzymes, electrolytes, blood gases, and reactive oxygen compounds. Instantaneous energy expenditure decreased with flight duration, and the birds appeared to balance aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, using fat, carbohydrate and protein as fuel. This made flight both economic and tolerable. The observed effects resemble classical exercise adaptations that can limit duration of exercise while reducing energetic output. There were also in-flight benefits that enable power output variation from cruising to manoeuvring. These adaptations share characteristics with physiological processes that have facilitated other athletic feats in nature and might enable the extraordinary long flights of migratory birds as well.
机译：许多候鸟进行超长距离飞行。鸟类如何能够进行超过100小时的耐力飞行仍然知之甚少。我们使用经过训练的跟随超轻型飞机的鸟类，在自然飞行过程中检查了北秃头宜必思Geronticus eremite的能量消耗和生理变化。由于这些鸟是驯服的，有寄养父母，因此我们能够在每次飞行之前和之后立即为它们放血。实验性设计的飞行持续时间介于一小时到近四个小时之间。使用双标水估算飞行过程中的能量消耗，同时通过血液化学评估生理特性，包括血浆代谢物，酶，电解质，血气和活性氧化合物。瞬时能量消耗随着飞行时间的延长而降低，并且禽类似乎利用脂肪，碳水化合物和蛋白质作为燃料来平衡需氧和厌氧代谢。这使得飞行既经济又可以容忍。观察到的效果类似于经典的运动适应方法，可以限制运动时间，同时降低精力输出。飞行中的好处还可以使动力输出从巡航到操纵变化。这些适应与生理过程具有共同的特征，这些生理过程促进了自然界中其他运动的壮举，并且还可能实现候鸟的超长飞行。

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