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Characteristics and Propagation of Airgun Pulses in Shallow Water with Implications for Effects on Small Marine Mammals

机译：浅水中气枪脉冲的特性和传播对小型海洋哺乳动物有影响

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摘要

Airguns used in seismic surveys are among the most prevalent and powerful anthropogenic noise sources in marine habitats. They are designed to produce most energy below 100 Hz, but the pulses have also been reported to contain medium-to-high frequency components with the potential to affect small marine mammals, which have their best hearing sensitivity at higher frequencies. In shallow water environments, inhabited by many of such species, the impact of airgun noise may be particularly challenging to assess due to complex propagation conditions. To alleviate the current lack of knowledge on the characteristics and propagation of airgun pulses in shallow water with implications for effects on small marine mammals, we recorded pulses from a single airgun with three operating volumes (10 in3, 25 in3 and 40 in3) at six ranges (6, 120, 200, 400, 800 and 1300 m) in a uniform shallow water habitat using two calibrated Reson 4014 hydrophones and four DSG-Ocean acoustic data recorders. We show that airgun pulses in this shallow habitat propagated out to 1300 meters in a way that can be approximated by a 18log(r) geometric transmission loss model, but with a high pass filter effect from the shallow water depth. Source levels were back-calculated to 192 dB re µPa2s (sound exposure level) and 200 dB re 1 µPa dB Leq-fast (rms over 125 ms duration), and the pulses contained substantial energy up to 10 kHz, even at the furthest recording station at 1300 meters. We conclude that the risk of causing hearing damage when using single airguns in shallow waters is small for both pinnipeds and porpoises. However, there is substantial potential for significant behavioral responses out to several km from the airgun, well beyond the commonly used shut-down zone of 500 meters.
机译：地震勘测中使用的气枪是海洋栖息地中最普遍，最强大的人为噪声源之一。它们被设计为产生低于100 Hz的大多数能量，但是据报道，这些脉冲还包含中高频成分，可能会影响小型海洋哺乳动物，而这些哺乳动物在较高的频率下具有最佳的听觉敏感性。在许多此类物种居住的浅水环境中，由于复杂的传播条件，气枪噪声的影响可能尤其难以评估。为了减轻目前对浅水区气枪脉冲的特性和传播的认识，从而影响对小型海洋哺乳动物的影响，我们记录了单支气枪的脉冲，其操作量为三个（10 in 3 ，使用两个经过校准的Res​​on 4014，在均匀的浅水生境中的六个范围（6、120、200、400、800和1300 m）上的25 in 3 和40 in 3 ）水听器和四个DSG-海洋声学数据记录器。我们显示，在此浅层栖息地中的气枪脉冲以一种可以通过18log（r）几何传输损耗模型近似的方式传播到1300米，但具有浅水深度的高通滤波效果。将源电平反算为192 dB re µPa 2 s（声音暴露水平）和200 dB re 1 µPa dB Leq-fast（均方根在125 ms持续时间内），并且脉冲包含大量能量甚至在1300米处最远的录音站也能达到10 kHz。我们得出的结论是，在浅水区使用单支气枪时，对于短鼻和海豚而言，造成听力损害的风险均很小。但是，在距离气枪几公里远的地方，有很大的潜在行为反应，远远超出了常用的500米关闭区域。

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