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Seasonal Oceanographic and Atmospheric Drivers of Diving Behaviour in a Temperate Seal Species Living in the High Arctic

机译：居住在北极高地温带海豹物种中潜水行为的季节性海洋和大气因素

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The harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) population in Svalbard marks the northernmost limit of the species’ range. This small population experiences environmental extremes in sea and air temperatures, sea ice cover and also in light regime for this normally temperate species. This study deployed Conductivity Temperature Depth Satellite Relay Data Loggers (CTD-SRDLs) on 30 adult and juvenile harbour seals in 2009 and 2010 to study their foraging behaviour across multiple seasons. A total of 189,104 dives and 16,640 CTD casts (mean depth 72 m ± 59) were recorded. Individuals dove to a mean depth of 41 m ± 24 with a maximum dive depth range of 24 – 403 m. Dives lasted on average 204 sec ± 120 with maximum durations ranging between 240 – 2,220 sec. Average daily depth and duration of dives, number of dives, time spent diving and dive time/surface time were influenced by date, while sex, age, sea-ice concentration and their interactions were not particularly influential. Dives were deeper (~150 m), longer (~480 sec), less numerous (~250 dives/day) and more pelagic during the winter/early spring compared to the fall and animals spent proportionally less time at the bottom of their dives during the winter. Influxes of warm saline water, corresponding to Atlantic Water characteristics, were observed intermittently at depths ~100 m during both winters in this study. The seasonal changes in diving behaviour were linked to average weekly wind stresses from the north or north-east, which induced upwelling events onto the shelf through offshore Ekman transport. During these events the shelf became flooded with AW from the West Spitsbergen Current, which presumably brought Atlantic fish species close to shore and within the seals’ foraging depth-range. Predicted increased in the influx of AW in this region are likely going to favour the growth and geographic expansion of this harbour seal population in the future.
机译：斯瓦尔巴群岛的斑海豹（Phoca vitulina）种群标志着该物种范围的最北端。对于这种通常为温带物种，这一小种群在海洋和气温，海冰覆盖以及光照条件下会遇到极端环境。这项研究分别于2009年和2010年在30个成年和少年海豹身上部署了电导温度深度卫星中继数据记录器（CTD-SRDL），以研究其在多个季节的觅食行为。总共记录了189,104次潜水和16,640次CTD潜水（平均深度72 m±59）。每个人的平均潜水深度为41 m±24，最大潜水深度范围为24 – 403 m。潜水平均持续204秒±120，最长持续时间介于240 – 2,220秒之间。平均日潜水深度和持续时间，潜水次数，潜水时间和潜水时间/水面时间受日期影响，而性别，年龄，海冰浓度及其相互作用并不特别影响。与秋季相比，冬季/初春时，潜水更深（〜150 m），更长（〜480 sec），数量更少（〜250潜水/天）和更多的浮游动物，并且动物在潜水底部花费的时间成比例地减少在冬季。在此研究中，在两个冬季期间，都在约100 m的深度断断续续地观察到与大西洋水特征相对应的温盐水涌入。潜水行为的季节性变化与来自北部或东北部的平均每周风应力有关，这通过近海埃克曼运输将上升流事件诱发到陆架上。在这些事件中，西斯匹次卑尔根海流淹没了大陆架，据推测使大西洋鱼类接近了海岸，并在海豹的觅食深度范围内。预计该地区AW涌入的增加将来可能会有利于该海豹种群的增长和地理扩展。

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