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Modeling naturalistic craving withdrawal and affect during early nicotine abstinence: a pilot EMA study

机译：在早期尼古丁戒断期间模拟自然主义的渴望戒断和影响：一项EMA试点研究

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Despite the critical role of withdrawal, craving, and positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) in smoking relapse, relatively little is known about the temporal and predictive relationship between these constructs within the first day of abstinence. This pilot study aims to characterize dynamic changes in withdrawal, craving and affect over the course of early abstinence using ecological momentary assessment. Beginning immediately after smoking, moderate and heavy smoking participants (n = 15 per group) responded to hourly surveys assessing craving, withdrawal, NA, and PA. Univariate and multivariate multilevel random coefficient modeling was used to describe the progression of craving, withdrawal/NA and PA and to test correlations between these constructs at the subject-level over the course of early abstinence. Heavy smokers reported greater craving from 1–4 hours of abstinence and greater withdrawal/NA after 3 or more hours as compared to moderate smokers. Level of withdrawal/NA was strongly positively associated with craving, and PA was negatively correlated with craving, however the temporal dynamics of these correlations differed substantially. The association between withdrawal/NA and craving decreased over early abstinence, whereas the reverse was observed for PA. These findings can inform experimental studies of nicotine abstinence as well as their clinical applications to smoking cessation efforts. In particular, these results help to elucidate the role of PA in nicotine abstinence by demonstrating its independent association with nicotine craving over and above withdrawal/NA. If supported by future studies, these findings can refine experimental methods and clinical approaches for smoking cessation.
机译：尽管戒烟，渴望，积极（PA）和消极影响（NA）在吸烟复发中起着至关重要的作用，但在戒酒的第一天，人们对这些结构之间的时间和预测关系知之甚少。这项初步研究旨在利用生态瞬时评估来表征戒断，渴望和影响在禁欲的过程中的动态变化。吸烟后立即开始，中度和重度吸烟参与者（每组n = 15）对每小时的调查做出了反应，以评估渴望，戒断，NA和PA。使用单变量和多变量多级随机系数模型来描述渴望，戒断/ NA和PA的进展，并在早期禁欲的过程中在受试者水平上测试这些结构之间的相关性。与中度吸烟者相比，重度吸烟者在禁酒1-4小时后表现出更大的渴望，在3小时或更长时间后戒断/ NA更大。戒断/ NA水平与渴求强烈正相关，而PA与渴望负相关，但是这些相关的时间动态差异很大。戒断/ NA和渴望之间的联系随着早期戒酒而下降，而PA则相反。这些发现可以为戒烟的实验研究及其在戒烟工作中的临床应用提供参考。特别是，这些结果通过证明PA与戒断/ NA之上对尼古丁的渴望之间的独立联系，有助于阐明PA在尼古丁戒断中的作用。如果得到未来研究的支持，这些发现可以完善戒烟的实验方法和临床方法。

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