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Spawning aggregation behavior and reproductive ecology of the giant bumphead parrotfish Bolbometopon muricatum in a remote marine reserve

机译：偏远海洋保护区巨型the头鹦嘴鱼Bolbometopon muricatum的产卵聚集行为和生殖生态学

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The giant bumphead parrotfish (Bolbometopon muricatum) has experienced precipitous population declines throughout its range due to its importance as a highly-prized fishery target and cultural resource. Because of its diet, Bolbometopon may serve as a keystone species on Indo-Pacific coral reefs, yet comprehensive descriptions of its reproductive ecology do not exist. We used a variety of underwater visual census (UVC) methods to study an intact population of Bolbometopon at Wake Atoll, a remote and protected coral atoll in the west Pacific. Key observations include spawning activities in the morning around the full and last quarter moon, with possible spawning extending to the new moon. We observed peaks in aggregation size just prior to and following the full and last quarter moon, respectively, and observed a distinct break in spawning at the site that persisted for four days; individuals returned to the aggregation site one day prior to the last quarter moon and resumed spawning the following day. The mating system was lek-based, characterized by early male arrival at the spawning site followed by vigorous defense (including head-butting between large males) of small territories. These territories were apparently used to attract females that arrived later in large schools, causing substantial changes in the sex ratio on the aggregation site at any given time during the morning spawning period. Aggression between males and courtship of females led to pair spawning within the upper water column. Mating interference was not witnessed but we noted instances suggesting that sperm competition might occur. Densities of Bolbometopon on the aggregation site averaged 10.07(±3.24 SE) fish per hectare (ha) with maximum densities of 51.5 fish per ha. By comparing our observations to the results of biennial surveys conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), we confirmed spatial consistency of the aggregation across years as well as a temporal break in spawning activity and aggregation that occurred during the lunar phase. We estimated the area encompassed by the spawning aggregation to be 0.72 ha, suggesting that spawning site closures and temporal closures centered around the full to the new moon might form one component of a management and conservation plan for this species. Our study of the mating system and spawning aggregation behavior of Bolbometopon from the protected, relatively pristine population at Wake Atoll provides crucial baselines of population density, sex ratio composition, and productivity of a spawning aggregation site from an oceanic atoll. Such information is key for conservation efforts and provides a basic platform for the design of marine protected areas for this threatened iconic coral reef fish, as well as for species with similar ecological and life history characteristics.
机译：巨大的bump头鹦嘴鱼（Bolbometopon muricatum）由于其作为高度受重视的渔业目标和文化资源的重要性而在整个范围内经历了急剧的种群下降。由于其饮食结构，Bolbometopon可能是印度洋-太平洋珊瑚礁上的主要物种，但对其生殖生态学的全面描述尚不存在。我们使用了多种水下视觉普查（UVC）方法来研究Wake Atoll（西太平洋一个偏远且受保护的珊瑚环礁）上完整的Bolbometopon种群。主要的观察结果包括早晨在满月和最后一个四分之一月周围的产卵活动，可能的产卵活动扩展到新月。我们分别在满月和最后一个四分之一月前后观察到聚集体大小的峰值，并观察到该点的产卵明显中断，持续了四天。个人在最后一个四分之一月的前一天返回聚集地点，并在第二天恢复产卵。交配系统以韭菜为基础，其特征是雄性提前到达产卵场，然后对小领土进行有力的防御（包括雄性大头撞）。这些领土显然是用来吸引后来到达大型学校的女性的，从而在早晨产卵期间的任何给定时间，导致聚集地点的性别比例发生重大变化。雄性之间的侵略和雌性的求爱导致成对产卵在上水柱内。没有观察到交配干扰，但我们注意到有实例表明可能发生精子竞争。聚集位点上的浮游生物的密度平均每公顷（ha）为10.07（±3.24 SE）条鱼，最大密度为每公顷51.5条鱼。通过将我们的观察结果与美国国家海洋与大气管理局（NOAA）珊瑚礁生态系统司（CRED）进行的两年一次调查的结果进行比较，我们确认了多年来聚集的空间一致性以及产卵活动和聚集的时间性中断，发生在月球阶段。我们估计产卵聚集所涵盖的面积为0.72公顷，这表明产卵场封闭和围绕整个月球到新月的暂时性封闭可能构成了该物种管理和保护计划的一个组成部分。我们对Wake Atoll受保护的相对原始种群的Bolbometopon的交配系统和产卵聚集行为的研究提供了人口密度，性别比组成和海洋环礁产卵聚集点生产力的关键基线。这些信息是保护工作的关键，并为设计这种受威胁的标志性珊瑚礁鱼以及具有类似生态和生活史特征的物种的海洋保护区提供了基础平台。

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