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Biochar-Induced Changes in Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Dissolved Nutrient Fluxes Constrained by Laboratory Experiments

机译：生物炭引起的土壤水力传导率变化和溶解性养分通量受实验室实验的限制

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The addition of charcoal (or biochar) to soil has significant carbon sequestration and agronomic potential, making it important to determine how this potentially large anthropogenic carbon influx will alter ecosystem functions. We used column experiments to quantify how hydrologic and nutrient-retention characteristics of three soil materials differed with biochar amendment. We compared three homogeneous soil materials (sand, organic-rich topsoil, and clay-rich Hapludert) to provide a basic understanding of biochar-soil-water interactions. On average, biochar amendment decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity (K) by 92% in sand and 67% in organic soil, but increased K by 328% in clay-rich soil. The change in K for sand was not predicted by the accompanying physical changes to the soil mixture; the sand-biochar mixture was less dense and more porous than sand without biochar. We propose two hydrologic pathways that are potential drivers for this behavior: one through the interstitial biochar-sand space and a second through pores within the biochar grains themselves. This second pathway adds to the porosity of the soil mixture; however, it likely does not add to the effective soil K due to its tortuosity and smaller pore size. Therefore, the addition of biochar can increase or decrease soil drainage, and suggests that any potential improvement of water delivery to plants is dependent on soil type, biochar amendment rate, and biochar properties. Changes in dissolved carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes also differed; with biochar increasing the C flux from organic-poor sand, decreasing it from organic-rich soils, and retaining small amounts of soil-derived N. The aromaticity of C lost from sand and clay increased, suggesting lost C was biochar-derived; though the loss accounts for only 0.05% of added biochar-C. Thus, the direction and magnitude of hydraulic, C, and N changes associated with biochar amendments are soil type (composition and particle size) dependent.
机译：向土壤中添加木炭（或生物炭）具有显着的固碳和农艺潜力，因此确定这种潜在的大量人为碳涌入将如何改变生态系统功能非常重要。我们使用柱实验来量化三种土壤材料的水文和养分保留特征随生物炭改良剂的不同。我们比较了三种均质的土壤材料（沙子，富含有机物的表土和富含粘土的Hhapludert），以提供对生物炭-土壤-水相互作用的基本了解。平均而言，生物炭改良剂使沙子中的饱和水力传导率（K）降低92％，有机土壤中的饱和水力传导率（K）降低92％，而富含粘土的土壤中的钾提高328％。沙土中钾的变化不能通过土壤混合物的物理变化来预测。与没有生物炭的沙子相比，沙子-生物炭混合物密度较小，多孔性更高。我们提出了两种可能导致这种行为的水文途径：一种是通过间隙生物炭砂空间，另一种是通过生物炭颗粒本身的孔隙。第二种途径增加了土壤混合物的孔隙度。然而，由于其曲折性和较小的孔径，它可能不会增加有效土壤K的含量。因此，添加生物炭可以增加或减少土壤排水，并暗示向植物的水输送的任何潜在改善取决于土壤类型，生物炭改良率和生物炭特性。溶解碳（C）和氮（N）通量的变化也不同。随着生物炭增加了来自贫有机砂的碳通量，减少了来自富含有机质土壤的碳通量，并保留了少量土壤来源的氮。尽管损失仅占添加的生物碳的0.05％。因此，与生物炭改良剂相关的水力，C和N变化的方向和大小取决于土壤类型（组成和粒径）。

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