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Scientists versus Regulators: Precaution Novelty Regulatory Oversight as Predictors of Perceived Risks of Engineered Nanomaterials

机译：科学家与监管者：预防新颖性和监管监督是工程纳米材料可感知风险的预测因素

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Engineered nanoscale materials (ENMs) present a difficult challenge for risk assessors and regulators. Continuing uncertainty about the potential risks of ENMs means that expert opinion will play an important role in the design of policies to minimize harmful implications while supporting innovation. This research aims to shed light on the views of ‘nano experts’ to understand which nanomaterials or applications are regarded as more risky than others, to characterize the differences in risk perceptions between expert groups, and to evaluate the factors that drive these perceptions. Our analysis draws from a web-survey (N = 404) of three groups of US and Canadian experts: nano-scientists and engineers, nano-environmental health and safety scientists, and regulatory scientists and decision-makers. Significant differences in risk perceptions were found across expert groups; differences found to be driven by underlying attitudes and perceptions characteristic of each group. Nano-scientists and engineers at the upstream end of the nanomaterial life cycle perceived the lowest levels of risk, while those who are responsible for assessing and regulating risks at the downstream end perceived the greatest risk. Perceived novelty of nanomaterial risks, differing preferences for regulation (i.e. the use of precaution versus voluntary or market-based approaches), and perceptions of the risk of technologies in general predicted variation in experts' judgments of nanotechnology risks. Our findings underscore the importance of involving a diverse selection of experts, particularly those with expertise at different stages along the nanomaterial lifecycle, during policy development.
机译：工程纳米材料（ENM）对风险评估者和监管者提出了艰巨的挑战。关于ENMs潜在风险的持续不确定性，意味着专家意见将在政策设计中发挥重要作用，以最小化有害影响同时支持创新。这项研究旨在阐明“纳米专家”的观点，以了解哪些纳米材料或应用被认为比其他纳米材料或应用更具风险，以表征专家组之间在风险认知上的差异，并评估驱动这些认知的因素。我们的分析来自由三组美国和加拿大专家组成的网络调查（N = 404），这些专家分别是纳米科学家和工程师，纳米环境健康与安全科学家以及监管科学家和决策者。各个专家组在风险认识上存在显着差异；发现差异是由每个群体的基本态度和感知特征驱动的。在纳米材料生命周期上游阶段的纳米科学家和工程师认为风险最低，而在下游端负责评估和监管风险的人则认为风险最大。纳米材料风险的新颖性，对法规的偏好不同（即使用预防措施还是基于自愿或基于市场的方法）以及对技术风险的认识普遍预测了专家对纳米技术风险的判断的差异。我们的研究结果强调了在政策制定过程中，要让众多专家，尤其是在纳米材料生命周期不同阶段具有专门知识的专家参与其中的重要性。

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