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Effect of atmospheric mixing layer depth variations on urban air quality and daily mortality during Saharan dust outbreaks

机译：撒哈拉沙尘暴爆发期间大气混合层深度变化对城市空气质量和日死亡率的影响

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Several epidemiological studies have shown that the outbreaks of Saharan dust over southern European countries can cause negative health effects. The reasons for the increased toxicity of airborne particles during dust storms remain to be understood although the presence of biogenic factors carried by dust particles or the interaction between dust and man-made air pollution have been hypothesized as possible causes. Intriguingly, recent findings have also demonstrated that during Saharan dust outbreaks the local man-made particulates can have stronger effects on health than during days without outbreaks. We show that the thinning of the mixing layer (ML) during Saharan dust outbreaks, systematically described here for the first time, can trigger the observed higher toxicity of ambient local air. The mixing layer height (MLH) progressively reduced with increasing intensity of dust outbreaks thus causing a progressive accumulation of anthropogenic pollutants and favouring the formation of new fine particles or specific relevant species likely from condensation of accumulated gaseous precursors on dust particles surface. Overall, statistically significant associations of MLH with all-cause daily mortality were observed. Moreover, as the MLH reduced, the risk of mortality associated with the same concentration of particulate matter increased due to the observed pollutants accumulation. The association of MLH with daily mortality and the effect of ML thinning on particle toxicity exacerbated when Saharan dust outbreaks occurred suggesting a synergic effect of atmospheric pollutants on health which was amplified during dust outbreaks. Moreover, the results may reflect higher toxicity of primary particles which predominate on low MLH days.
机译：几项流行病学研究表明，南欧国家撒哈拉粉尘暴发可能对健康造成负面影响。尽管已经假定尘埃颗粒携带的生物因子或尘埃与人为空气污染之间的相互作用是存在的原因，但尘埃暴期间空气中颗粒物毒性增加的原因仍有待了解。有趣的是，最近的发现还表明，在撒哈拉沙尘暴爆发期间，本地人造颗粒对健康的影响要比没有暴发爆发的日子强。我们显示，在撒哈拉粉尘暴发期间，混合层（ML）的变薄（在此为系统的首次描述）可以触发所观察到的周围环境空气的更高毒性。随着粉尘暴发强度的增加，混合层的高度（MLH）逐渐降低，从而导致人为污染物的逐渐积累，并有利于新的细颗粒或特定相关物种的形成，这可能是由于气态前体在粉尘颗粒表面上的凝结所致。总体而言，观察到MLH与全因每日死亡率的统计学显着关联。此外，随着MLH的减少，由于观察到的污染物积累，与相同浓度的颗粒物相关的死亡风险增加。撒哈拉粉尘爆发时，MLH与每日死亡率的关系以及ML稀化对颗粒毒性的影响加剧，表明大气污染物对健康的协同作用在粉尘爆发期间被放大。而且，该结果可能反映出在低MLH天中占主导地位的初级颗粒具有更高的毒性。

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