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Anthropogenic Litter in Urban Freshwater Ecosystems: Distribution and Microbial Interactions

机译：城市淡水生态系统中的人为废弃物：分布和微生物相互作用

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Accumulation of anthropogenic litter (i.e. garbage; AL) and its ecosystem effects in marine environments are well documented. Rivers receive AL from terrestrial habitats and represent a major source of AL to marine environments, but AL is rarely studied within freshwater ecosystems. Our objectives were to 1) quantify AL density in urban freshwaters, 2) compare AL abundance among freshwater, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems, and 3) characterize the activity and composition of AL biofilms in freshwater habitats. We quantified AL from the Chicago River and Chicago's Lake Michigan shoreline, and found that AL abundance in Chicago freshwater ecosystems was comparable to previously reported data for marine and terrestrial ecosystems, although AL density and composition differed among habitats. To assess microbial interactions with AL, we incubated AL and natural substrates in 3 freshwater ecosystems, quantified biofilm metabolism as gross primary production (GPP) and community respiration (CR), and characterized biofilm bacterial community composition via high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The main driver of biofilm community composition was incubation location (e.g., river vs pond), but there were some significant differences in biofilm composition and metabolism among substrates. For example, biofilms on organic substrates (cardboard and leaves) had lower GPP than hard substrates (glass, plastic, aluminum and tiles). In addition, bacterial communities on organic substrates were distinct in composition from those on hard substrates, with higher relative abundances of bacteria associated with cellulose decomposition. Finally, we used our results to develop a conceptual diagram designed to unite the study of AL in terrestrial and freshwater environments with the well-established field of marine debris research. We suggest this broad perspective will be useful for future studies which synthesize AL sources, ecosystem effects, and fate across multiple ecosystem types, and will benefit management and reduction of global AL accumulations.
机译：人为垃圾（即垃圾; AL）的积累及其在海洋环境中对生态系统的影响已有充分的文件记载。河流从陆地生境获得AL，是海洋环境中AL的主要来源，但是在淡水生态系统中很少研究AL。我们的目标是1）量化城市淡水中的AL密度，2）比较淡水，陆地和海洋生态系统中的AL丰度，以及3）表征淡水生境中AL生物膜的活性和组成。我们对芝加哥河和芝加哥密歇根湖沿岸的AL进行了量化，发现芝加哥淡水生态系统中的AL丰度可与先前报道的海洋和陆地生态系统数据相媲美，尽管AL密度和组成因生境而异。为了评估与AL的微生物相互作用，我们在3个淡水生态系统中孵育了AL和天然底物，定量了生物膜代谢，将其作为初级总产值（GPP）和群落呼吸（CR），并通过16S rRNA基因的高通量测序来表征生物膜细菌群落组成。生物膜群落组成的主要驱动因素是孵化地点（例如河与池塘），但底物之间生物膜组成和代谢存在一些显着差异。例如，有机基质（纸板和树叶）上的生物膜的GPP低于硬基质（玻璃，塑料，铝和瓷砖）。另外，有机基质上的细菌群落与硬质基质上的细菌群落组成不同，与纤维素分解相关的细菌的相对丰度更高。最后，我们使用我们的结果开发了一个概念图，旨在将陆生和淡水环境中的AL研究与成熟的海洋垃圾研究领域相结合。我们建议，这种广泛的观点将对未来的研究有用，这些研究综合了AL的来源，生态系统的影响以及多种生态系统类型的命运，并将有益于管理和减少全球AL的积累。

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