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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>other >Unraveling the Relative Importance of Oral and Dermal Contaminant Exposure in Reptiles: Insights from Studies Using the Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)
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Unraveling the Relative Importance of Oral and Dermal Contaminant Exposure in Reptiles: Insights from Studies Using the Western Fence Lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis)

机译：揭示爬行动物中口腔和皮肤污染物暴露的相对重要性：使用西方栅栏蜥蜴（Sceloporus occidentalis）的研究的启示

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Despite widespread recognition of significant data deficiencies, reptiles remain a relatively understudied taxon in ecotoxicology. To conduct ecological risk assessments on reptiles frequently requires using surrogate taxa such as birds, but recent research suggests that reptiles have significantly different exposure profiles and toxicant sensitivity. We exposed western fence lizards, Sceloporus occidentalis, to the same quantities of three model chemicals via oral (gavage) and dermal (ventral skin application) exposure for either 24 or 48 hours. Three phthalate esters (di-methyl phthalate [DMP], di-iso-butyl phthalate [DIBP], and di-n-octyl phthalate [DNOP]) were chosen as model chemicals because they represent a gradient of lipophilicity but are otherwise structurally similar. Overall, the more lipophilic phthalates (DIBP and DNOP) were found to have higher concentrations in tissues than the less lipophilic DMP. Significant differences in tissue concentrations between DIBP and DNOP were tissue-dependent, suggesting that delivery to a site of action following exposure is not only a simple function of lipophilicity. In dermal treatments, DMP usually had fewer detections (except in ventral skin samples), suggesting that lipophilicity (log Kow>2) is a requirement for uptake across the skin. In general, tissue residues were greater in oral treatments than dermal treatments (significant in adipose and liver tissue), but differences were driven strongly by differences in DMP which did not appear to be absorbed well across skin. When differences in tissue residue concentrations between oral and dermal exposure did occur, the difference was not drastic. Taken together these results suggest that dermal exposure should be considered in risk assessments for reptilian receptors. Dermal exposure may be an especially important route for reptiles as their ectothermic physiology translates to lower energetic demands and dietary exposure compared to birds and mammals.
机译：尽管人们普遍认识到重大数据缺陷，但爬行动物在生态毒理学方面仍然是一个相对未被充分研究的分类单元。要对爬行动物进行生态风险评估，通常需要使用替代类群，例如鸟类，但是最近的研究表明，爬行动物的暴露状况和毒物敏感性明显不同。我们通过口腔（管饲）和皮肤（腹侧皮肤）暴露将相同数量的三种模型化学品暴露于西方篱笆蜥蜴（Scoloporus occidentalis），暴露时间为24或48小时。选择三种邻苯二甲酸酯（邻苯二甲酸二甲酯[DMP]，邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯[DIBP]和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯[DNOP]）作为模型化学品，因为它们代表了亲脂性的梯度，但结构相似。总体而言，发现亲脂性邻苯二甲酸酯（DIBP和DNOP）在组织中的浓度高于不亲脂性DMP。 DIBP和DNOP之间组织浓度的显着差异是组织依赖性的，这表明暴露后递送至作用部位不仅是亲脂性的简单功能。在皮肤治疗中，DMP通常检测较少（腹侧皮肤样品除外），这表明亲脂性（log Kow> 2）是整个皮肤摄取的要求。通常，口服治疗的组织残留量大于皮肤治疗的残留量（在脂肪和肝组织中显着），但是差异是由DMP的差异强烈驱动的，DMP的差异似乎不能很好地被皮肤吸收。当确实发生了口服和皮肤暴露之间组织残留浓度的差异时，差异不会很大。综合这些结果，建议在爬虫类受体的风险评估中应考虑皮肤接触。皮肤接触可能是爬行动物特别重要的途径，因为与鸟类和哺乳动物相比，它们的外热生理学转化为较低的能量需求和饮食接触。

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