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Ape duos and trios: spontaneous cooperation with free partner choice in chimpanzees

机译：猿二重奏和三重奏：黑猩猩自发合作自由选择合作伙伴

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The purpose of the present study was to push the boundaries of cooperation among captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). There has been doubt about the level of cooperation that chimpanzees are able to spontaneously achieve or understand. Would they, without any pre-training or restrictions in partner choice, be able to develop successful joint action? And would they be able to extend cooperation to more than two partners, as they do in nature? Chimpanzees were given a chance to cooperate with multiple partners of their own choosing. All members of the group (N = 11) had simultaneous access to an apparatus that required two (dyadic condition) or three (triadic condition) individuals to pull in a tray baited with food. Without any training, the chimpanzees spontaneously solved the task a total of 3,565 times in both dyadic and triadic combinations. Their success rate and efficiency increased over time, whereas the amount of pulling in the absence of a partner decreased, demonstrating that they had learned the task contingencies. They preferentially approached the apparatus when kin or nonkin of similar rank were present, showing a preference for socially tolerant partners. The forced partner combinations typical of cooperation experiments cannot reveal these abilities, which demonstrate that in the midst of a complex social environment, chimpanzees spontaneously initiate and maintain a high level of cooperative behavior.
机译：本研究的目的是推动圈养黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes）之间合作的界限。人们对黑猩猩能够自发实现或理解的合作水平存有疑问。他们是否可以在伙伴选择方面没有任何预培训或限制的情况下，就能成功地采取联合行动？他们是否能够像自然界那样将合作扩大到两个以上的合作伙伴？黑猩猩有机会与自己选择的多个合作伙伴合作。该组的所有成员（N = 11）可以同时使用一种设备，该设备需要两个（和弦状态）或三个（三合状态）个人才能拉入装有食物的诱饵托盘。在没有任何训练的情况下，黑猩猩以二元和三元组合的方式自发地完成了3565次任务。随着时间的推移，他们的成功率和效率提高了，而在没有伴侣的情况下，拉拔的数量减少了，这表明他们已经学会了任务的偶然性。当存在相似等级的亲戚或非亲戚时，他们会优先使用该设备，这表明他们偏爱社交宽容的伴侣。合作实验中典型的强迫伴侣组合无法揭示这些能力，这表明在复杂的社会环境中，黑猩猩自发地发起并维持了高水平的合作行为。

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