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Human Disturbances Habitat Characteristics and Social Environment Generate Sex-Specific Responses in Vigilance of Mediterranean Mouflon

机译：人为干扰人居特征和社会环境引起地中海Mouflon的警觉产生针对性别的反应

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摘要

In prey species, vigilance is an important part of the decision making process related to predation risk effects. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms shaping vigilance behavior provides relevant insights on factors influencing individual fitness. We investigated the role of extrinsic and intrinsic factors on vigilance behavior in Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon×Ovis sp.) in a study site spatially and temporally contrasted in human pressures. Both sexes were less vigilant in the wildlife reserve compared to surrounding unprotected areas, except for males during the hunting period. During this period, males tended to be less strictly restricted to the reserve than females what might lead to a pervasive effect of hunting within the protected area, resulting in an increase in male vigilance. It might also be a rutting effect that did not occur in unprotected areas because males vigilance was already maximal in response to human disturbances. In both sexes, yearlings were less vigilant than adults, probably because they traded off vigilance for learning and energy acquisition and/or because they relied on adult experience present in the group. Similarly, non-reproductive females benefited of the vigilance effort provided by reproductive females when belonging to the same group. However, in the absence of reproductive females, non-reproductive females were as vigilant as reproductive females. Increasing group size was only found to reduce vigilance in females (up to 17.5%), not in males. We also showed sex-specific responses to habitat characteristics. Females increased their vigilance when habitat visibility decreased (up to 13.8%) whereas males increased their vigilance when feeding on low quality sites, i.e., when concomitant increase in chewing time can be devoted to vigilance with limited costs. Our global approach was able to disentangle the sex-specific sources of variation in mouflon vigilance and stressed the importance of reserves in managing and conserving wild sheep populations.
机译：在猎物物种中，警惕性是与捕食风险影响相关的决策过程的重要组成部分。因此，了解形成警惕行为的机制可提供有关影响个体适应性的因素的相关见解。在人为压力时空对比的研究地点，我们调查了外部因素和内在因素对地中海mouflon（Ovis gmelini musimon×Ovis sp。）警惕行为的作用。与周围的未保护区域相比，野生动物保护区的男性和女性都没有那么警惕，除了在狩猎期间的雄性。在此期间，男性对保护区的限制往往不如女性严格，这可能导致在保护区内普遍存在狩猎的影响，从而导致男性提高警惕。这也可能是发情的效果，在没有保护的地区没有发生，因为男性的警觉已经对人为干扰做出了最大的反应。在两性中，一岁鸽的警惕性​​不如成年人，这可能是因为他们牺牲了警惕性来学习和获取能量，和/或因为他们依赖小组中的成年人经验。同样，非生殖女性在同一个群体中受益于生殖女性的警惕性。但是，在没有生殖雌性的情况下，非生殖雌性与生殖雌性一样警惕。仅发现增加群体人数会降低女性的警觉性（最多达17.5％），而男性则没有。我们还显示了对生境特征的性别特异性反应。当栖息地能见度降低时，雌性提高了警惕性（高达13.8％），而在低质量的地方觅食时，即增加了咀嚼时间的同时可以花费有限的代价来提高警惕性时，雄性则提高了警惕性。我们的全球方法能够消除对穆夫龙警惕性的特定性别差异，并强调了储备在管理和保护野绵羊种群方面的重要性。

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