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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>other >Functionally Different Pads on the Same Foot Allow Control of Attachment: Stick Insects Have Load-Sensitive Heel Pads for Friction and Shear-Sensitive Toe Pads for Adhesion
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Functionally Different Pads on the Same Foot Allow Control of Attachment: Stick Insects Have Load-Sensitive Heel Pads for Friction and Shear-Sensitive Toe Pads for Adhesion

机译：在同一只脚上功能上不同的垫允许控制附着：竹节虫具有负载敏感的脚跟垫（用于摩擦）和剪切敏感的脚趾垫（用于粘附）

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摘要

Stick insects (Carausius morosus) have two distinct types of attachment pad per leg, tarsal “heel” pads (euplantulae) and a pre-tarsal “toe” pad (arolium). Here we show that these two pad types are specialised for fundamentally different functions. When standing upright, stick insects rested on their proximal euplantulae, while arolia were the only pads in surface contact when hanging upside down. Single-pad force measurements showed that the adhesion of euplantulae was extremely small, but friction forces strongly increased with normal load and coefficients of friction were 1. The pre-tarsal arolium, in contrast, generated adhesion that strongly increased with pulling forces, allowing adhesion to be activated and deactivated by shear forces, which can be produced actively, or passively as a result of the insects' sprawled posture. The shear-sensitivity of the arolium was present even when corrected for contact area, and was independent of normal preloads covering nearly an order of magnitude. Attachment of both heel and toe pads is thus activated partly by the forces that arise passively in the situations in which they are used by the insects, ensuring safe attachment. Our results suggest that stick insect euplantulae are specialised “friction pads” that produce traction when pressed against the substrate, while arolia are “true” adhesive pads that stick to the substrate when activated by pulling forces.
机译：竹节虫（Carausius morosus）每条腿有两种截然不同的附着垫，即骨“脚跟”垫（euplantulae）和a骨前“脚趾”垫（芳属）。在这里，我们显示这两种打击垫类型专用于根本不同的功能。直立站立时，昆虫将粘虫放在其近端的真植物上，而倒挂时，粉刺是唯一的表面接触垫。单垫力测量表明，eu草的附着力极小，但摩擦力在正常载荷下急剧增加，摩擦系数为1。相比之下，tar骨前a产生的附着力随拉力而大大增加，从而允许附着可以通过剪切力来激活和去激活，而剪切力可以由于昆虫的蔓延姿势而主动或被动地产生。即使校正接触面积，Arolium的剪切敏感性仍然存在，并且与覆盖几乎一个数量级的正常预紧力无关。因此，脚跟垫和脚趾垫的附接部分地被在昆虫使用它们的情况下被动产生的力激活，从而确保安全附接。我们的研究结果表明，昆虫粘虫种植体是专门的“摩擦垫”，当压在基材上时会产生牵引力，而芳香果胶是“真正的”粘合垫，当通过拉力激活时会粘附在基材上。

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    David Labonte; Walter Federle;

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  • 年(卷),期 -1(8),12
  • 年度 -1
  • 页码 e81943
  • 总页数 11
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