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Phylogeography of the Sponge Suberites diversicolor in Indonesia: Insights into the Evolution of Marine Lake Populations

机译：印度尼西亚海绵亚种的植物志：海洋湖泊种群演变的见解

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The existence of multiple independently derived populations in landlocked marine lakes provides an opportunity for fundamental research into the role of isolation in population divergence and speciation in marine taxa. Marine lakes are landlocked water bodies that maintain a marine character through narrow submarine connections to the sea and could be regarded as the marine equivalents of terrestrial islands. The sponge Suberites diversicolor (Porifera: Demospongiae: Suberitidae) is typical of marine lake habitats in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Four molecular markers (two mitochondrial and two nuclear) were employed to study genetic structure of populations within and between marine lakes in Indonesia and three coastal locations in Indonesia, Singapore and Australia. Within populations of S. diversicolor two strongly divergent lineages (A & B) (COI: p = 0.4% and ITS: p = 7.3%) were found, that may constitute cryptic species. Lineage A only occurred in Kakaban lake (East Kalimantan), while lineage B was present in all sampled populations. Within lineage B, we found low levels of genetic diversity in lakes, though there was spatial genetic population structuring. The Australian population is genetically differentiated from the Indonesian populations. Within Indonesia we did not record an East-West barrier, which has frequently been reported for other marine invertebrates. Kakaban lake is the largest and most isolated marine lake in Indonesia and contains the highest genetic diversity with genetic variants not observed elsewhere. Kakaban lake may be an area where multiple putative refugia populations have come into secondary contact, resulting in high levels of genetic diversity and a high number of endemic species.
机译：内陆海洋湖泊中存在多个独立衍生的种群，这为基础研究提供了机会，可用于隔离研究在海洋生物分类中种群扩散和物种形成中的作用。沿海湖泊是内陆水体，通过与海的狭窄海底连接保持海洋特征，可以被视为陆地岛屿的海洋等效物。海绵百日草（Porifera：Demospongiae：Suberitidae）是印度-澳大利亚群岛海洋湖泊栖息地的典型代表。四个分子标记（两个线粒体和两个核分子）被用于研究印度尼西亚海洋湖泊以及印度尼西亚，新加坡和澳大利亚的三个沿海地区内和之间的种群遗传结构。在杂色链球菌种群中，发现了两个强烈分歧的谱系（A和B）（COI：p = 0.4％，ITS：p = 7.3％），可能构成隐性物种。血统A仅发生在卡卡班湖（东加里曼丹）中，而血统B出现在所有采样种群中。在谱系B中，我们发现湖泊中的遗传多样性水平较低，尽管存在空间遗传种群结构。澳大利亚人口在遗传上与印度尼西亚人口不同。在印度尼西亚，我们没有记录东西向隔离物，而其他海洋无脊椎动物经常有报道。卡卡班湖是印度尼西亚最大，最孤立的海洋湖，拥有最高的遗传多样性，而其他地方未发现遗传变异。卡卡班湖可能是多个推定避难所种群进行次生接触的地区，导致高水平的遗传多样性和大量特有物种。

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