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An Ochered Fossil Marine Shell From the Mousterian of Fumane Cave Italy

机译：来自意大利富马内洞穴穆斯特人的cher石化石海洋贝壳

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A scanty but varied ensemble of finds challenges the idea that Neandertal material culture was essentially static and did not include symbolic items. In this study we report on a fragmentary Miocene-Pliocene fossil marine shell, Aspa marginata , discovered in a Discoid Mousterian layer of the Fumane Cave, northern Italy, dated to at least 47.6-45.0 Cal ky BP. The shell was collected by Neandertals at a fossil exposure probably located more than 100 kms from the site. Microscopic analysis of the shell surface identifies clusters of striations on the inner lip. A dark red substance, trapped inside micropits produced by bioeroders, is interpreted as pigment that was homogeneously smeared on the outer shell surface. Dispersive X-ray and Raman analysis identify the pigment as pure hematite. Of the four hypotheses we considered to explain the presence of this object at the site, two (tool, pigment container) are discarded because in contradiction with observations. Although the other two (“manuport”, personal ornament) are both possible, we favor the hypothesis that the object was modified and suspended by a ‘thread’ for visual display as a pendant. Together with contextual and chronometric data, our results support the hypothesis that deliberate transport and coloring of an exotic object, and perhaps its use as pendant, was a component of Neandertal symbolic culture, well before the earliest appearance of the anatomically modern humans in Europe.
机译：贫乏而多样的发现挑战了尼安德特人的物质文化本质上是静态的并且不包括象征性物品的观念。在这项研究中，我们报告了在意大利北部Fumane洞穴的盘状Mousterian层中发现的至少中新世-上新世化石海洋贝壳Aspa marginata，其日期至少为47.6-45.0 Cal ky BP。贝壳是尼安德特人（Neandertals）在化石暴露下收集的，可能距该地点100多公里。壳表面的微观分析确定了内唇上的条纹簇。暗红色物质，被生物侵蚀剂产生的微坑中捕获，被解释为均匀涂抹在外壳表面的颜料。色散X射线和拉曼分析确定该颜料为纯赤铁矿。在我们考虑用来解释该物体在现场的存在的四个假设中，有两个（工具，颜料容器）被丢弃，因为与观察结果相矛盾。尽管其他两种方法（“手工艺品”，个人装饰品）都是可行的，但我们支持这样的假设，即该对象是通过“线”修改和悬挂的，以便可视化显示为吊坠。结合上下文数据和计时数据，我们的研究结果支持这样的假说，即在欧洲解剖学现代人类最早出现之前，对异国物体的故意运输和着色以及也许将其用作吊坠是尼安德特人象征文化的组成部分。

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