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Chaos of Wolbachia Sequences Inside the Compact Fig Syconia of Ficus benjamina (Ficus: Moraceae)

机译：沃尔巴克氏体序列内的混沌垂叶榕的紧凑图花序（薜：桑科）

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摘要

Figs and fig wasps form a peculiar closed community in which the Ficus tree provides a compact syconium (inflorescence) habitat for the lives of a complex assemblage of Chalcidoid insects. These diverse fig wasp species have intimate ecological relationships within the closed world of the fig syconia. Previous surveys of Wolbachia, maternally inherited endosymbiotic bacteria that infect vast numbers of arthropod hosts, showed that fig wasps have some of the highest known incidences of Wolbachia amongst all insects. We ask whether the evolutionary patterns of Wolbachia sequences in this closed syconium community are different from those in the outside world. In the present study, we sampled all 17 fig wasp species living on Ficus benjamina, covering 4 families, 6 subfamilies, and 8 genera of wasps. We made a thorough survey of Wolbachia infection patterns and studied evolutionary patterns in wsp (Wolbachia Surface Protein) sequences. We find evidence for high infection incidences, frequent recombination between Wolbachia strains, and considerable horizontal transfer, suggesting rapid evolution of Wolbachia sequences within the syconium community. Though the fig wasps have relatively limited contact with outside world, Wolbachia may be introduced to the syconium community via horizontal transmission by fig wasps species that have winged males and visit the syconia earlier.
机译：无花果和无花果黄蜂形成了一个特殊的封闭社区，其中榕树为紧凑的类蛛形昆虫的生活提供了一个紧凑的（花序）栖息地。这些不同的无花果黄蜂物种在无花果无花果密闭世界中有着密切的生态关系。以前对沃尔巴氏菌进行的调查表明，无花果黄蜂在所有昆虫中的发病率最高，它是母性遗传的共生共生细菌，可感染大量节肢动物宿主。我们问这个封闭的syconium群落中的Wolbachia序列的进化模式是否与外界不同。在本研究中，我们对生活在榕树上的所有17种无花果黄蜂物种进行了采样，涵盖4个科，6个亚科和8个黄蜂属。我们对Wolbachia感染模式进行了全面调查，并研究了wsp（Wolbachia表面蛋白）序列中的进化模式。我们发现高感染率，Wolbachia菌株之间的频繁重组和相当大的水平转移的证据，表明在Syconium社区内Wolbachia序列的快速演变。尽管无花果黄蜂与外界的接触相对有限，但有翅雄性的无花果黄蜂物种可能通过水平传播而将Wolbachia引入到了蜜囊菌群落中。

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