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Estimation of treatment effect under nonproportional hazards and conditionally independent censoring

机译:非营造危害下治疗效应的估算与有条件独立的审查

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摘要

In clinical trials with time-to-event outcomes, it is common to estimate the marginal hazard ratio from the proportional hazards model, even when the proportional hazards assumption is not valid. This is unavoidable from the perspective that the estimator must be specified a priori if probability statements about treatment effect estimates are desired. Marginal hazard ratio estimates under non-proportional hazards (NPH) are still useful, as they can be considered to be average treatment effect estimates over the support of the data. However, as many have shown, under NPH the “usual” unweighted marginal hazard ratio estimate is a function of the censoring distribution, which is not normally considered to be scientifically relevant when describing the treatment effect. In addition, in many practical settings, the censoring distribution is only conditionally independent (e.g., differing across treatment arms), which further complicates the interpretation. In this paper, we investigate an estimator of the hazard ratio that removes the influence of censoring and propose a consistent robust variance estimator. We compare the coverage probability of the estimator to both the usual Cox model estimator and an estimator proposed by Xu and O’Quigley (2000) when censoring is independent of the covariate. The new estimator should be used for inference that does not depend on the censoring distribution. It is particularly relevant to adaptive clinical trials where, by design, censoring distributions differ across treatment arms.
机译:在具有事件发生时间结果的临床试验中,即使比例风险假设无效,通常也要根据比例风险模型估算边际风险比。从这样的角度来看,这是不可避免的,如果需要关于治疗效果估计的概率陈述,则必须事先指定估计器。非比例危害(NPH)下的边际危害比估算仍然有用,因为在数据的支持下,可以将它们视为平均治疗效果估算。但是,正如许多人所表明的那样,在NPH下,“通常”的未加权边际危害比估计值是审查分布的函数,在描述治疗效果时通常不认为这在科学上是相关的。另外,在许多实际情况下,检查分布仅是有条件地独立的(例如,各治疗臂之间是不同的),这使解释变得更加复杂。在本文中,我们研究了一种风险比率估计量,该估计量消除了审查的影响,并提出了一个一致的鲁棒方差估计量。当审查独立于协变量时,我们将估计器的覆盖率与通常的Cox模型估计器和Xu和O’Quigley(2000)提出的估计器进行比较。新的估算器应用于不依赖于审查分布的推断。它与适应性临床试验特别相关,在适应性临床试验中,设计使检查范围在治疗组之间有所不同。

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