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Application of X-Y Separable 2-D Array Beamforming for Increased Frame Rate and Energy Efficiency in Handheld Devices

机译：X-Y可分d阵波束形成的用于手持设备的增加的帧速率和能源效率的应用

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Two-dimensional arrays present significant beamforming computational challenges because of their high channel count and data rate. These challenges are even more stringent when incorporating a 2-D transducer array into a battery-powered hand-held device, placing significant demands on power efficiency. Previous work in sonar and ultrasound indicates that 2-D array beamforming can be decomposed into two separable line-array beamforming operations. This has been used in conjunction with frequency-domain phase-based focusing to achieve fast volume imaging. In this paper, we analyze the imaging and computational performance of approximate near-field separable beamforming for high-quality delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming and for a low-cost, phaserotation-only beamforming method known as direct-sampled in-phase quadrature (DSIQ) beamforming. We show that when high-quality time-delay interpolation is used, separable DAS focusing introduces no noticeable imaging degradation under practical conditions. Similar results for DSIQ focusing are observed. In addition, a slight modification to the DSIQ focusing method greatly increases imaging contrast, making it comparable to that of DAS, despite having a wider main lobe and higher side lobes resulting from the limitations of phase-only time-delay interpolation.Compared with non-separable 2-D imaging, up to a 20-fold increase in frame rate is possible with the separable method. When implemented on a smart-phone-oriented processor to focus data from a 60 × 60 channel array using a 40 × 40 aperture, the frame rate per C-mode volume slice increases from 16 to 255 Hz for DAS, and from 11 to 193 Hz for DSIQ. Energy usage per frame is similarly reduced from 75 to 4.8 mJ/ frame for DAS, and from 107 to 6.3 mJ/frame for DSIQ. We also show that the separable method outperforms 2-D FFT-based focusing by a factor of 1.64 at these data sizes. This data indicates that with the optimal design choices, separable 2-D beamforming can significantly improve frame rate and battery life for hand-held devices with 2-D arrays.
机译：由于其高通道计数和数据速率，二维阵列具有显着的波束形成计算挑战。在将2-D传感器阵列结合到电池供电的手持设备中时，这些挑战更加严格，对功率效率进行了显着的要求。先前的Sonar和UltraSound的工作表明，2-D阵列波束成形可以分解成两个可分离的线阵列波束形成操作。这已结合使用基于频域相位的聚焦来实现快速体积成像。在本文中，我们分析了高质量延迟和和（DAS）波束成形的近似近场可分离波束形成的成像和计算性能，并且仅为低成本，仅被称为直接采样的Pharastotation的波束形成方法 - 相位正交（DSIQ）波束成形。我们表明，当使用高质量的时延插值时，可分离的DAS聚焦在实际条件下没有引起明显的成像降级。观察到类似的DSIQ聚焦的结果。此外，对DSIQ聚焦方法的略微修改大大增加了成像对比度，使得它与DAS的相当，尽管具有较宽的主凸虫和较高的侧瓣，其由相位时间延迟插值的局限性产生的。 - 可分离的方法，可分离的2-D成像，可分离的方法可以增加帧速率20倍。当以智能电话导向的处理器实现，使用40×40光圈将数据集中在60×60通道阵列中，每个C模式帧速率从16到255Hz增加到DAS，以及11到193 DSIQ的Hz。每个框架的能源使用情况与DAS的75到4.8 MJ /帧相似，以及DSIQ的107至6.3 MJ /帧。我们还表明，可分离的方法在这些数据尺寸下以1.64系列的基于2-D FFT的聚焦占此胜过。该数据表明，通过最佳设计选择，可分离的2-D波束成形可以显着提高具有2-D阵列的手持设备的帧速率和电池寿命。

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