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Retention of VOR gain following short-term VOR adaptation

机译：短期VOR适应后保留VOR增益

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Motor learning in the vestibular system can be differentially obtained depending upon the context for which the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) has been exposed. Manipulating head orientation relative to gravity is an example of a contextual cue that can elicit independent VOR gains. We were interested in examining retention of short-term VOR adaptation when the adapting stimulus was paired with a novel contextual cue. Two sets of non-human primate VOR adaptation experiments were designed to assess the influence of head position relative to gravity on retention of the pitch VOR. First, the pitch VOR of three squirrel monkeys was adapted for 3 h using minimizing (×0.45) spectacles and a sum-of-sines stimulus (20°/s at 0.5, 1.1, 2.3, and 3.7 Hz) while the animals were positioned left ear down (LED adaptation). Pitch VOR gains were measured in the adapted position (LED) and two non-adapted positions (upright, UP) or right ear down (RED). In the second set of experiments, the pitch VOR was adapted in an upright head position (same adapting stimulus as used in LED) and tested in UP, LED or RED. No head immobility or darkness restrictions were imposed on the animals after the initial adaptation exposure. The pitch VOR gains were measured during the acceleration (GA) and constant velocity (GV) portions of 1,000°/s2−150°/s step responses and during 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 Hz sinusoids with velocities varying from 20 to 100°/s. All measures of VOR gain for UP, LED, and RED were done immediately after the adaptation and for three subsequent days and at post-adaptation day 7 (PAD 7). When tested in the adapting position, all experiments showed immediate reduction in GA and GV compared with pre-adaptation levels. For LED adaptation experiments, the pitch GA and GV gains were significantly reduced for as long as 7 days. Some retention of the LED-adapted VOR gain also occurred when testing in the RED position. No retention of pitch VOR GA or GV existed for the UP position after adaptation in LED. After the UP-adapt experiments, no retention of the GA or GV was found when tested in the adapting position. Interestingly, however, some retention of GA and GV did exist when the UP-adapted animals were tested in LED or RED. Data from sinusoidal rotations followed a similar adaptation pattern as the step responses. Our findings show that after only 3 h of adaptation exposure, adaptation of the pitch VOR gain is retained for several days. This long-term retention of VOR adaptation after short-term exposure appears to be the result of inducing adaptation with an atypical combination of movement and position for the monkey (LED-adapt). Our results indicate that head orientation relative to gravity is an effective context for retaining learned VOR gains in addition to restricting mobility or keeping animals in the dark. We also show that the adapting head position determines the magnitude of VOR adaptation.
机译：前庭系统的运动学习可以根据暴露前庭眼反射（VOR）的环境有区别地获得。相对于重力操纵头部定向是可以引起独立VOR增益的上下文提示的一个示例。当适应刺激与新颖的情境提示配对时，我们有兴趣研究短期VOR适应的保留。设计了两组非人类的灵长类动物VOR适应性实验，以评估相对于重力的头部位置对音高VOR保持力的影响。首先，在放置动物时，使用最小化（×0.45）眼镜和正弦和刺激（0.5、1.1、2.3和3.7 Hz时为20°/ s）将三只松鼠猴子的俯仰VOR调整3小时。左耳向下（LED适应）。在适应位置（LED）和两个非适应位置（竖直，向上）或右耳向下（红色）测量音高VOR增益。在第二组实验中，将音高VOR调整为直立的头部位置（与LED中使用的自适应刺激相同），并在UP，LED或RED中进行测试。最初适应暴露后，没有对动物施加头部固定或黑暗限制。在加速度（GA）和恒速（GV）部分在1,000°/ s 2 -150°/ s阶跃响应期间以及在0.5、2.0和4.0 Hz正弦曲线下测量俯仰VOR增益速度从20到100°/ s不等。适应后，随后的三天以及适应后第7天（PAD 7）均立即进行UP，LED和RED的VOR增益的所有测量。在适应位置进行测试时，所有实验均显示与适应前水平相比，GA和GV立即降低。对于LED适应性实验，在长达7天的时间里，GA和GV增益的增益都显着降低。在RED位置进行测试时，还会发生LED适应的VOR增益的某些保留。 LED适应后，UP位置的螺距VOR GA或GV不存在。经过UP适应性实验后，在适应位置进行测试时，未发现GA或GV的保留。然而，有趣的是，当在LED或RED中测试适应UP的动物时，确实存在GA和GV的保留。来自正弦旋转的数据遵循与阶跃响应相似的适应模式。我们的发现表明，仅在适应性暴露3小时后，音高VOR增益的适应性就会保留几天。短期暴露后VOR适应的这种长期保留似乎是通过猴子的运动和位置的非典型组合（LED适应）诱导适应的结果。我们的研究结果表明，相对于重力，头部定向是除了限制活动性或使动物保持黑暗之外，还可以保持学习的VOR增益的有效环境。我们还表明，适配头位置决定了VOR适配的幅度。

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