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Water Droplet Erosion of Wind Turbine Blades: Mechanics Testing Modeling and Future Perspectives

机译：风力涡轮机叶片的水滴侵蚀：力学测试建模和未来展望

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The problem of erosion due to water droplet impact has been a major concern for several industries for a very long time and it keeps reinventing itself wherever a component rotates or moves at high speed in a hydrometer environment. Recently, and as larger wind turbine blades are used, erosion of the leading edge due to rain droplets impact has become a serious issue. Leading-edge erosion causes a significant loss in aerodynamics efficiency of turbine blades leading to a considerable reduction in annual energy production. This paper reviews the topic of water droplet impact erosion as it emerges in wind turbine blades. A brief background on water droplet erosion and its industrial applications is first presented. Leading-edge erosion of wind turbine is briefly described in terms of materials involved and erosion conditions encountered in the blade. Emphases are then placed on the status quo of understanding the mechanics of water droplet erosion, experimental testing, and erosion prediction models. The main conclusions of this review are as follow. So far, experimental testing efforts have led to establishing a useful but incomplete understanding of the water droplet erosion phenomenon, the effect of different erosion parameters, and a general ranking of materials based on their ability to resist erosion. Techniques for experimentally measuring an objective erosion resistance (or erosion strength) of materials have, however, not yet been developed. In terms of modelling, speculations about the physical processes underlying water droplet erosion and consequently treating the problem from first principles have never reached a state of maturity. Efforts have, therefore, focused on formulating erosion prediction equations depending on a statistical analysis of large erosion tests data and often with a combination of presumed erosion mechanisms such as fatigue. Such prediction models have not reached the stage of generalization. Experimental testing and erosion prediction efforts need to be improved such that a coherent water droplet erosion theory can be established. The need for standardized testing and data representation practices as well as correlations between test data and real in-service erosion also remains urgent.
机译：长期以来，水滴撞击造成的腐蚀问题一直是许多行业关注的主要问题，并且在比重计环境中，无论部件在何处高速旋转或高速移动，它都会不断重新发明自己。近来，并且随着使用更大的风力涡轮机叶片，由于雨滴冲击而导致的前缘的腐蚀已经成为严重的问题。前沿腐蚀会导致涡轮叶片的空气动力学效率显着降低，从而导致每年能源产量的大幅下降。本文回顾了在风力涡轮机叶片中出现的水滴冲击腐蚀的话题。首先介绍了水滴侵蚀及其工业应用的简要背景。根据所涉及的材料和叶片中遇到的腐蚀条件，简要描述了风力涡轮机的前沿腐蚀。然后重点放在了解水滴侵蚀机理，实验测试和侵蚀预测模型的现状上。这次审查的主要结论如下。到目前为止，实验测试工作已导致对水滴侵蚀现象，不同侵蚀参数的影响以及基于其抗腐蚀能力的材料的一般排名建立了有用但不完整的理解。然而，尚未开发出用于实验测量材料的客观耐蚀性（或耐蚀强度）的技术。在建模方面，关于水滴侵蚀背后的物理过程以及由此从第一原理出发解决问题的猜测从未达到成熟状态。因此，努力集中在根据大型腐蚀试验数据的统计分析并经常结合假定的腐蚀机制（例如疲劳）来制定腐蚀预测方程式。这样的预测模型尚未达到泛化阶段。需要改进实验测试和侵蚀预测工作，以便可以建立相干的水滴侵蚀理论。对标准化测试和数据表示做法以及测试数据与实际使用中的侵蚀之间的相关性的需求也仍然迫切。

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