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Novel Approach of Nanostructured Bainitic Steels’ Production with Improved Toughness and Strength

机译：改善韧性和强度的纳米贝氏体钢生产的新方法

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The tendencies of development within the field of engineering materials show a persistent trend towards the increase of strength and toughness. This pressure is particularly pronounced in the field of steels, since they compete with light alloys and composite materials in many applications. The improvement of steels’ mechanical properties is sought to be achieved with the formation of exceptionally fine microstructures ranging well into the nanoscale, which enable a substantial increase in strength without being detrimental to toughness. The preferred route by which such a structure can be produced is not by applying the external plastic deformation, but by controlling the phase transformation from austenite into ferrite at low temperatures. The formation of bainite in steels at temperatures lower than about 200 °C enables the obtainment of the bulk nanostructured materials purely by heat treatment. This offers the advantages of high productivity, as well as few constraints in regard to the shape and size of the workpiece when compared with other methods for the production of nanostructured metals. The development of novel bainitic steels was based on high Si or high Al alloys. These groups of steels distinguish a very fine microstructure, comprised predominantly of bainitic ferrite plates, and a small fraction of retained austenite, as well as carbides. The very fine structure, within which the thickness of individual bainitic ferrite plates can be as thin as 5 nm, is obtained purely by quenching and natural ageing, without the use of isothermal transformation, which is characteristic for most bainitic steels. By virtue of their fine structure and low retained austenite content, this group of steels can develop a very high hardness of up to 65 HRC, while retaining a considerable level of impact toughness. The mechanical properties were evaluated by hardness measurements, impact testing of notched and unnotched specimens, as well as compression and tensile tests. Additionally, the steels’ microstructures were characterised using light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The obtained results confirmed that the strong refinement of the microstructural elements in the steels results in a combination of extremely high strength and very good toughness.
机译：工程材料领域的发展趋势显示出强度和韧性不断提高的趋势。这种压力在钢铁领域尤为明显，因为它们在许多应用中与轻合金和复合材料竞争。寻求通过形成非常精细的微结构以达到纳米级的目的来改善钢的机械性能，这可以在不损害韧性的情况下显着提高强度。产生这种结构的优选途径不是通过施加外部塑性变形，而是通过在低温下控制从奥氏体到铁素体的相变。在低于约200℃的温度下在钢中形成贝氏体使得能够仅通过热处理获得块状纳米结构材料。与生产纳米结构金属的其他方法相比，这具有生产率高的优点，并且对工件的形状和尺寸几乎没有限制。新型贝氏体钢的开发基于高Si或高Al合金。这些钢群具有非常精细的显微组织，主要由贝氏体铁素体板组成，并有少量残余的奥氏体以及碳化物。仅通过淬火和自然时效即可获得非常精细的结构，单个贝氏体铁素体板的厚度可以薄至5 nm，而无需使用等温转变，这是大多数贝氏体钢的特征。由于其优良的组织和低的残余奥氏体含量，该组钢可以具有高达65 HRC的极高硬度，同时保持相当水平的冲击韧性。通过硬度测量，带缺口和无缺口试样的冲击测试以及压缩和拉伸测试来评估机械性能。此外，还使用光学显微镜，场发射扫描电子显微镜（FESEM）和高分辨率透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）对钢的微观结构进行了表征。所得结果证实，钢中微结构元素的强烈细化导致极高的强度和非常好的韧性的组合。

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