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Design of Monovalent Ion Selective Membranes for Reducing the Impacts of Multivalent Ions in Reverse Electrodialysis

机译:减少反向电渗析中多价离子影响的单价离子选择性膜的设计

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摘要

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) represents one of the most promising membrane-based technologies for clean and renewable energy production from mixing water solutions. However, the presence of multivalent ions in natural water drastically reduces system performance, in particular, the open-circuit voltage (OCV) and the output power. This effect is largely described by the “uphill transport” phenomenon, in which multivalent ions are transported against the concentration gradient. In this work, recent advances in the investigation of the impact of multivalent ions on power generation by RED are systematically reviewed along with possible strategies to overcome this challenge. In particular, the use of monovalent ion-selective membranes represents a promising alternative to reduce the negative impact of multivalent ions given the availability of low-cost materials and an easy route of membrane synthesis. A thorough assessment of the materials and methodologies used to prepare monovalent selective ion exchange membranes (both cation and anion exchange membranes) for applications in (reverse) electrodialysis is performed. Moreover, transport mechanisms under conditions of extreme salinity gradient are analyzed and compared for a better understanding of the design criteria. The ultimate goal of the present work is to propose a prospective research direction on the development of new membrane materials for effective implementation of RED under natural feed conditions.
机译:反向电渗析(RED)代表了最有前途的基于膜的技术,用于通过混合水溶液生产清洁和可再生能源。但是,天然水中存在的多价离子会大大降低系统性能,特别是开路电压(OCV)和输出功率。这种效应主要由“上坡运输”现象来描述,在该现象中,多价离子逆着浓度梯度进行运输。在这项工作中,系统地回顾了研究RED对多价离子对发电的影响的最新进展以及克服这一挑战的可能策略。特别是,鉴于可获得廉价的材料和简便的膜合成方法,使用单价离子选择性膜代表了减少多价离子负面影响的有前途的替代方案。对用于制备用于(反向)电渗析的单价选择性离子交换膜(阳离子和阴离子交换膜)的材料和方法进行了全面的评估。此外,分析和比较了极度盐度梯度条件下的传输机制,以更好地理解设计标准。目前工作的最终目的是为在天然饲料条件下有效实施RED的新型膜材料的开发提出前瞻性研究方向。

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