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Clay Mineral and Geochemical Proxies for Intense Climate Change in the Permian Gondwana Rock Record from Eastern India

机译:印度东部二叠纪冈瓦纳岩石记录中气候变化剧烈的粘土矿物和地球化学替代物

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摘要

The clay mineral assemblages and geochemical compositions of the Permian Talchir and Barakar mudstones of the Raniganj basin, India, have been used to interpret terrestrial paleoclimate. The Talchir Formation presents unequivocal evidences of the Permian global glacial climate, and the overlying Barakar Formation with braided fluvial deposits immediately follows the glacial amelioration stage to a humid warm climate. Sediments unaffected by burial diagenesis and originated from a similar source under contrasting climates are ideal for developing proxies for substantial climate shift. Illite (28.4-63.8%), illite/smectite (0-58.6%, 40-80% illite), chlorite (0-53.9%), and chlorite/smectite (5.6-29.8%) constitute the clay mineral assemblage in the Talchir Formation whereas illite (5.3-78.2%), illite/smectite (trace-34.1%, mostly 60-90% illite), and kaolinite (36.1-86.8%) dominate the clay mineral assemblage in the Barakar Formation. The Talchir mudrocks are enriched in mobile elements and depleted in alumina w.r.t. PAAS, have relatively higher K O/Al O ratios (~0.3), high ICV (1.12-1.28), and lower CIA values (52.6-65.1) compared to those of the younger Barakar mudstones. The Barakar mudstones are depleted in mobile elements w.r.t. PAAS, have relatively low ICV (0.33-0.62) and K O/Al O values (0.11-0.16), and higher CIA values (72.9-88.2). Textural, mineralogical immaturity, and rock fragments of different components of the basement seen in the Talchir sandstones show these sediments being a first-cycle sedimentary deposit. The distinctive clay mineral assemblage and major oxide composition of the Talchir mudrocks attest to a unique low intensity chemical weathering in cold arid climate. Significant presence of kaolinite as well as distinctive geochemical characters of the Barakar mudrocks marks a shift in the paleoclimate from cold arid to humid. This climatic shift is further supported by the proportion and composition of illite/smectite across the formations. The relative proportion of chlorite and kaolinite and composition of illite/smectite therefore closely corroborate the significant climate shift, and such proxies, therefore, are useful indicators of climate extremes in the geological record.
机译:印度Raniganj盆地的二叠纪Talchir和Barakar泥岩的粘土矿物组合和地球化学成分已被用来解释陆相古气候。塔尔基尔组(Talchir)形成了二叠纪全球冰川气候的明确证据,上覆有辫状河流沉积物的巴拉卡尔组(Barakar)紧随冰川改善阶段之后进入潮湿温暖的气候。不受埋藏成岩作用影响的沉积物,并且在不同的气候条件下起源于类似的来源,是开发可替代气候变化的理想之选。伊利石(28.4-63.8%),伊利石/蒙脱石(0-58.6%,伊利石40-80%),绿泥石(0-53.9%)和绿泥石/蒙脱石(5.6-29.8%)构成塔尔基尔的粘土矿物组合在Barakar地层中,伊利石(5.3-78.2%),伊利石/蒙脱石(痕量34.1%,多数为伊利石60-90%)和高岭石(36.1-86.8%)占主导地位。塔尔奇(Talchir)泥岩富含可移动元素,而贫铝的w.r.t.与年轻的巴拉卡尔泥岩相比,PAAS具有相对较高的K O / Al O比(〜0.3),较高的ICV(1.12-1.28)和较低的CIA值(52.6-65.1)。巴拉卡(Barakar)泥岩中的可移动元素已经耗尽。 PAAS具有相对较低的ICV(0.33-0.62)和K O / Al O值(0.11-0.16),以及较高的CIA值(72.9-88.2)。在塔尔基尔砂岩中看到的质地,矿物学上的不成熟度以及地下室不同组成部分的岩石碎片表明,这些沉积物是第一周期的沉积物。 Talchir泥岩独特的粘土矿物组合和主要的氧化物成分证明,在寒冷干旱的气候下,独特的低强度化学风化作用。高岭石的大量存在以及Barakar泥岩的独特地球化学特征标志着古气候从冷干转为潮湿。整个地层中伊利石/蒙脱石的比例和组成进一步支持了这种气候变化。因此,绿泥石和高岭石的相对比例以及伊利石/蒙脱石的组成密切证实了重大的气候变化,因此,这些代理是地质记录中极端气候的有用指标。

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