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A Distributed Testbed for 5G Scenarios: An Experimental Study

机译：5G场景的分布式测试平台：一项实验研究

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This paper demonstrates the use of Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP), together with Raspberry Pi3 B+ (RP3) as the brain (or the decision making engine), to develop a distributed wireless network in which nodes can communicate with other nodes independently and make decision autonomously. In other words, each USRP node (i.e., sensor) is embedded with separate processing units (i.e., RP3), which has not been investigated in the literature, so that each node can make independent decisions in a distributed manner. The proposed testbed in this paper is compared with the traditional distributed testbed, which has been widely used in the literature. In the traditional distributed testbed, there is a single processing unit (i.e., a personal computer) that makes decisions in a centralized manner, and each node (i.e., USRP) is connected to the processing unit via a switch. The single processing unit exchanges control messages with nodes via the switch, while the nodes exchange data packets among themselves using a wireless medium in a distributed manner. The main disadvantage of the traditional testbed is that, despite the network being distributed in nature, decisions are made in a centralized manner. Hence, the response delay of the control message exchange is always neglected. The use of such testbed is mainly due to the limited hardware and monetary cost to acquire a separate processing unit for each node. The experiment in our testbed has shown the increase of end-to-end delay and decrease of packet delivery ratio due to software and hardware delays. The observed multihop transmission is performed using device-to-device (D2D) communication, which has been enabled in 5G. Therefore, nodes can either communicate with other nodes via: (a) a direct communication with the base station at the macrocell, which helps to improve network performance; or (b) D2D that improve spectrum efficiency, whereby traffic is offloaded from macrocell to small cells. Our testbed is the first of its kind in this scale, and it uses RP3 as the distributed decision-making engine incorporated into the USRP/GNU radio platform. This work provides an insight to the development of a 5G network.
机译：本文演示了如何使用通用软件无线电外围设备（USRP）以及Raspberry Pi3 B +（RP3）作为大脑（或决策引擎）来开发分布式无线网络，其中节点可以独立与其他节点通信并进行自主决定。换句话说，每个USRP节点（即传感器）都嵌入有单独的处理单元（即RP3），这在文献中尚未进行研究，因此每个节点可以以分布式方式做出独立的决定。将本文中提出的测试平台与已在文献中广泛使用的传统分布式测试平台进行了比较。在传统的分布式测试平台中，只有一个处理单元（即个人计算机）以集中方式进行决策，并且每个节点（即USRP）都通过交换机连接到处理单元。单个处理单元通过交换机与节点交换控制消息，而节点之间使用无线介质以分布式方式在它们之间交换数据包。传统测试平台的主要缺点是，尽管网络本质上是分布式的，但决策还是以集中方式进行的。因此，总是忽略了控制消息交换的响应延迟。使用这种测试床的主要原因是，为每个节点购买单独的处理单元的硬件和金钱成本有限。在我们的测试平台上进行的实验表明，由于软件和硬件的延迟，端到端的延迟增加，而数据包的传输率降低。使用已在5G中启用的设备到设备（D2D）通信来执行观察到的多跳传输。因此，节点可以通过以下方式与其他节点通信：（a）与宏小区上的基站直接通信，这有助于提高网络性能；或（b）提高频谱效率的D2D，从而将流量从宏小区转移到小型小区。我们的测试平台是这种规模的第一个测试平台，它使用RP3作为并入USRP / GNU无线电平台的分布式决策引擎。这项工作为5G网络的发展提供了见识。

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