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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Toxins >Missiles of Mass Disruption: Composition and Glandular Origin of Venom Used as a Projectile Defensive Weapon by the Assassin Bug Platymeris rhadamanthus
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Missiles of Mass Disruption: Composition and Glandular Origin of Venom Used as a Projectile Defensive Weapon by the Assassin Bug Platymeris rhadamanthus

机译：大规模破坏导弹：刺客臭虫Platymeris rhadamanthus用作射弹防御武器的毒液成分和腺起源

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摘要

Assassin bugs (Reduviidae) produce venoms that are insecticidal, and which induce pain in predators, but the composition and function of their individual venom components is poorly understood. We report findings on the venom system of the red-spotted assassin bug , a large species of African origin that is unique in propelling venom as a projectile weapon when threatened. We performed RNA sequencing experiments on venom glands (separate transcriptomes of the posterior main gland, PMG, and the anterior main gland, AMG), and proteomic experiments on venom that was either defensively propelled or collected from the proboscis in response to electrostimulation. We resolved a venom proteome comprising 166 polypeptides. Both defensively propelled venom and most venom samples collected in response to electrostimulation show a protein profile similar to the predicted secretory products of the PMG, with a smaller contribution from the AMG. Pooled venom samples induce calcium influx via membrane lysis when applied to mammalian neuronal cells, consistent with their ability to cause pain when propelled into the eyes or mucus membranes of potential predators. The same venom induces rapid paralysis and death when injected into fruit flies. These data suggest that the cytolytic, insecticidal venom used by reduviids to capture prey is also a highly effective defensive weapon when propelled at predators.
机译：刺客臭虫（Reduviidae）产生的毒液具有杀虫性，并会在食肉动物中引起疼痛，但是人们对它们的毒液成分和功能却知之甚少。我们报告了关于红色斑点刺客虫的毒液系统的发现，该刺药是非洲起源的一种大物种，在受到威胁时会以毒液作为射弹武器而独有。我们对毒腺（后主腺，前主腺和AMG的独立转录组）进行了RNA测序实验，并对防御性推进或响应电刺激从长鼻中收集的毒液进行了蛋白质组学实验。我们解析了包含166个多肽的毒液蛋白质组。防御性推进的毒液和响应电刺激而收集的大多数毒液样品均显示出与预测的PMG分泌产物相似的蛋白质谱，而AMG的贡献较小。合并的毒液样本应用于哺乳动物神经元细胞时，会通过膜裂解而引起钙流入，这与它们被推入潜在掠食者的眼睛或黏膜时引起疼痛的能力一致。当注入果蝇时，同一毒液会引起快速瘫痪和死亡。这些数据表明，当被掠食者推动时，被类脂虫用来捕获猎物的溶细胞杀虫毒液也是一种高效的防御武器。

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