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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Foodborne Pathogens and Disease >Source Attribution of Salmonella in Macadamia Nuts to Animal and Environmental Reservoirs in Queensland Australia
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Source Attribution of Salmonella in Macadamia Nuts to Animal and Environmental Reservoirs in Queensland Australia

机译：澳洲坚果中沙门氏菌的来源归因于澳大利亚昆士兰州的动物和环境水库

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is a common contaminant of macadamia nut kernels in the subtropical state of Queensland (QLD), Australia. We hypothesized that nonhuman sources in the plantation environment contaminate macadamia nuts. We applied a modified Hald source attribution model to attribute serovars and phage types detected on macadamia nuts from 1998 to 2017 to specific animal and environmental sources. Potential sources were represented by types isolated from avian, companion animal, biosolids-soil-compost, equine, porcine, poultry, reptile, ruminant, and wildlife samples by the QLD Health reference laboratory. Two attribution models were applied: model 1 merged data across 1998–2017, whereas model 2 pooled data into 5-year time intervals. Model 1 attributed 47% (credible interval, CrI: 33.6–60.8) of all detections on macadamia nuts to biosolids-soil-compost. Wildlife and companion animals were found to be the second and third most important contamination sources, respectively. Results from model 2 showed that the importance of the different sources varied between the different time periods; for example, contamination from biosolids-soil-compost varied from 4.4% (CrI: 0.2–11.7) in 1998–2002 to 19.3% (CrI: 4.6–39.4) in 2003–2007, and the proportion attributed to poultry varied from 4.8% (CrI: 1–11) in 2008–2012 to 24% (CrI: 11.3–40.7) in 2013–2017. Findings suggest that macadamia nuts were contaminated by direct transmission from animals with access to the plantations (e.g., wildlife and companion animals) or from indirect transmission from animal reservoirs through biosolids-soil-compost. The findings from this study can be used to guide environmental and wildlife sampling and analysis to further investigate routes of contamination of macadamia nuts and propose control options to reduce potential risk of human salmonellosis.
机译：是澳大利亚昆士兰州（QLD）亚热带州的澳洲坚果坚果的常见污染物。我们假设种植园环境中的非人类来源污染了澳洲坚果。我们应用改良的Hald来源归因模型，将1998年至2017年在澳洲坚果上检测到的血清型和噬菌体类型归因于特定的动物和环境来源。由QLD健康参考实验室从禽类，伴侣动物，生物固体-土壤-粪便，马，猪，家禽，爬行动物，反刍动物和野生动物样品中分离出的类型来代表潜在来源。应用了两种归因模型：模型1合并了1998-2017年的数据，而模型2则将数据合并为5年时间间隔。模型1将对澳洲坚果的所有检测结果中的47％（可信区间，CrI：33.6–60.8）归因于生物固体-土壤-堆肥。发现野生动物和伴侣动物分别是第二重要污染源和第三重要污染源。模型2的结果表明，不同时间段内不同来源的重要性有所不同。例如，生物固体-土壤-堆肥的污染从1998-2002年的4.4％（CrI：0.2-11.7）到2003-2007年的19.3％（CrI：4.6-39.4），而家禽的比例从4.8％不等（CrI：1-11）在2008-2012年达到24％（CrI：11.3-40.7）在2013-2017年。研究结果表明，澳洲坚果受到来自可进入人工林的动物的直接传播（例如野生动植物和陪伴动物）或来自动物水库通过生物固体-土壤堆肥的间接传播而受到污染。这项研究的结果可用于指导环境和野生动植物的采样和分析，以进一步调查澳洲坚果污染的途径，并提出控制方案以减少人类沙门氏菌病的潜在风险。

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