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Characterization of GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) Penetration Using Ultrasonics

机译：使用超声波表征GMAW（气体保护金属电弧焊）的穿透性

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摘要

Welding defects such as lack of penetration, undercutting, crater crack, burn-through and porosity can occur during manufacturing. Assessing weld quality using nondestructive evaluation methods is important for the quality assurance of welded parts. In this paper, the measurement of weld penetration, which is directly related to weld integrity, is investigated by means of ultrasonics. Both linear and nonlinear ultrasonic methods are studied to assess their sensitivities to weld penetration. Welded plates with different penetration depths controlled by changing weld heat input are manufactured using gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Microscopic properties are assessed after the ultrasonic measurements are completed. Numerical models are built using the weld profile obtained from macrographs to explain the relationship between linear ultrasonic and weld penetration. A quantitative correlation between weld morphology (shape, width and depth) and the energy of linear ultrasonic signal is determined, where the increase of weld bead penetration exceeding the plate thickness results in decrease of the energy of the ultrasonic signal. Minimum detectable weld morphology using linear ultrasonics is defined depending on the selected frequency. Microhardness measurement is conducted to explain the sensitivity of nonlinear ultrasonics to both weld penetration and heterogeneity in weld. The numerical and experimental results show that the weld geometry influences the ultrasonic measurement other than the materials’ properties.
机译：在制造过程中可能会发生焊接缺陷，例如缺乏熔深，咬边，缩孔，烧穿和气孔。使用无损评估方法评估焊接质量对于保证焊接零件的质量非常重要。在本文中，通过超声波研究了与焊缝完整性直接相关的焊缝熔深的测量。研究了线性和非线性超声方法，以评估其对焊缝熔深的敏感性。通过改变焊接热输入来控制具有不同熔深深度的焊接板是使用气体保护金属电弧焊（GMAW）制造的。超声测量完成后评估显微性能。使用从宏观图获得的焊缝轮廓来建立数值模型，以解释线性超声与焊缝熔深之间的关系。确定了焊接形态（形状，宽度和深度）与线性超声信号能量之间的定量相关性，其中焊缝熔深的增加超过板厚会导致超声信号能量的减少。根据所选频率，定义了使用线性超声的最小可检测焊缝形态。进行显微硬度测量是为了解释非线性超声对焊缝熔深和焊缝异质性的敏感性。数值和实验结果表明，焊缝几何形状会影响超声测量，而不影响材料的性能。

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