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Current Status and Trends in Prophylaxis and Management of Anthrax Disease

机译：炭疽病防治的现状与趋势

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has been identified as a potential military and bioterror agent as it is relatively simple to produce, with spores that are highly resilient to degradation in the environment and easily dispersed. These characteristics are important in describing how anthrax could be used as a weapon, but they are also important in understanding and determining appropriate prevention and treatment of anthrax disease. Today, anthrax disease is primarily enzootic and found mostly in the developing world, where it is still associated with considerable mortality and morbidity in humans and livestock. This review article describes the spectrum of disease caused by anthrax and the various prevention and treatment options. Specifically we discuss the following; (1) clinical manifestations of anthrax disease (cutaneous, gastrointestinal, inhalational and intravenous-associated); (2) immunology of the disease; (3) an overview of animal models used in research; (4) the current World Health Organization and U.S. Government guidelines for investigation, management, and prophylaxis; (5) unique regulatory approaches to licensure and approval of anthrax medical countermeasures; (6) the history of vaccination and pre-exposure prophylaxis; (7) post-exposure prophylaxis and disease management; (8) treatment of symptomatic disease through the use of antibiotics and hyperimmune or monoclonal antibody-based antitoxin therapies; and (9) the current landscape of next-generation product candidates under development.
机译：孢子的生产相对简单，孢子对环境的降解具有很高的抵抗力，而且很容易分散，因此被认为是潜在的军事和生物恐怖行为的媒介。这些特征在描述如何将炭疽病用作武器方面很重要，但在理解和确定适当的炭疽病预防和治疗方面也很重要。如今，炭疽病主要是动物传染病，主要发生在发展中世界，在那里，它仍然与人类和牲畜的大量死亡率和发病率有关。这篇综述文章描述了由炭疽引起的疾病谱以及各种预防和治疗选择。具体来说，我们讨论以下内容; （1）炭疽病的临床表现（皮肤，胃肠道，吸入性和静脉相关性）; （2）疾病的免疫学; （3）研究中使用的动物模型概述; （4）当前的世界卫生组织和美国政府有关调查，管理和预防的准则; （5）对炭疽医疗对策的许可和批准采取独特的监管方法; （6）疫苗接种史和暴露前预防史; （7）接触后的预防和疾病处理; （8）通过使用抗生素和基于超免疫或单克隆抗体的抗毒素疗法来治疗症状性疾病; （9）正在开发的下一代候选产品的现状。

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