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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>International Journal of Molecular Sciences >Selectivity of Transport Processes in Ion-Exchange Membranes: Relationship with the Structure and Methods for Its Improvement
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Selectivity of Transport Processes in Ion-Exchange Membranes: Relationship with the Structure and Methods for Its Improvement

机译：离子交换膜运输过程的选择性：与其改进的结构和方法的关系

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Nowadays, ion-exchange membranes have numerous applications in water desalination, electrolysis, chemistry, food, health, energy, environment and other fields. All of these applications require high selectivity of ion transfer, i.e., high membrane permselectivity. The transport properties of ion-exchange membranes are determined by their structure, composition and preparation method. For various applications, the selectivity of transfer processes can be characterized by different parameters, for example, by the transport number of counterions (permselectivity in electrodialysis) or by the ratio of ionic conductivity to the permeability of some gases (crossover in fuel cells). However, in most cases there is a correlation: the higher the flux density of the target component through the membrane, the lower the selectivity of the process. This correlation has two aspects: first, it follows from the membrane material properties, often expressed as the trade-off between membrane permeability and permselectivity; and, second, it is due to the concentration polarization phenomenon, which increases with an increase in the applied driving force. In this review, both aspects are considered. Recent research and progress in the membrane selectivity improvement, mainly including a number of approaches as crosslinking, nanoparticle doping, surface modification, and the use of special synthetic methods (e.g., synthesis of grafted membranes or membranes with a fairly rigid three-dimensional matrix) are summarized. These approaches are promising for the ion-exchange membranes synthesis for electrodialysis, alternative energy, and the valuable component extraction from natural or waste-water. Perspectives on future development in this research field are also discussed.
机译：如今，离子交换膜在水海水淡化，电解，化学，食品，健康，能量，环境和其他领域中具有许多应用。所有这些应用都需要高选择性离子转移，即高膜渗滤性。离子交换膜的运输性能通过其结构，组合物和制备方法确定。对于各种应用，转移过程的选择性可以通过不同的参数表征，例如，通过传输的抗衡数（电渗变中的渗透率）或离子电导率与一些气体的渗透率（燃料电池中的交叉的比率。然而，在大多数情况下，存在相关性：通过膜通过膜的磁通密度越高，该过程的选择性越低。这种相关性具有两个方面：首先，从膜材料特性遵循，通常表示为膜渗透性和渗透性之间的折衷;并且，第二，它是由于浓度偏振现象，随着所施加的驱动力的增加而增加。在本次审查中，两个方面都被考虑在内。最近的研究和膜选择性改进的进展，主要包括许多方法作为交联，纳米粒子掺杂，表面改性以及特殊合成方法的使用（例如，用相当刚性的三维基质合成接枝膜或膜）总结了。这些方法对电渗析，替代能量的离子交换膜合成，以及来自天然或废水的有价值的组分提取。还讨论了未来发展的观点。

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