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Experimental Investigation of Additive Manufacturing Using a Hot-Wire Plasma Welding Process on Titanium Parts

机译：使用热线等离子体焊接工艺对钛件焊接工艺的实验研究

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In this paper, we propose hot-wire plasma welding, a combination of the plasma welding (PAW) process and the hot-wire process in the additive manufacturing (AM) process. Generally, in plasma welding for AM processes, the deposit grain size increases, and the hardness decreases as the wall height increases. The coarse microstructure, along with the large grain size, corresponds to an increase in deposit temperature, which leads to poorer mechanical properties. At the same time, the hot-wire laser process seems to contain an overly high interstitial amount of oxygen and nitrogen. With an increasing emphasis on sustainability, the hot-wire plasma welding process offers significant advantages: deeper and narrow penetration than the cold-wire plasma welding, improved design flexibility, large deposition rates, and low dilution percentages. Thus, the hot-wire plasma welding process was investigated in this work. The wire used in the welding process was a titanium American Welding Society (AMS) 4951F (Grade 2) welding wire (diameter 1.6 mm), in which the welding was recorded in real time with a charge-coupled device camera (CCD camera). We studied three parameters of the hot-wire plasma welding process: (1) the welding speed, (2) wire current, and (3) wire feeding speed. The mechanical and physical properties (porosity, Vickers hardness, microstructure, and tensile strength) were examined. It was found that the number of layers, the length and width of the molten pool, and the width of the deposited bead increased, while the height of the layer increased, and the hot-wire current played an important role in the deposition. In addition, these results were benchmarked against specimens created by a hot-wire plasma welding/wire-based additive manufacturing process with an intention to develop the hot-wire PAW process as a potential alternative in the additive manufacturing industry.
机译：本文提出了热线等离子体焊接，等离子体焊接（爪子）工艺的组合以及添加剂制造（AM）工艺中的热线工艺。通常，在用于AM工艺的等离子体焊接中，沉积物粒度增加，随着壁高度的增加而降低硬度。粗糙的微观结构以及大的晶粒尺寸相当于沉积物温度的增加，这导致机械性能较差。同时，热线激光过程似乎含有过高的间质性氧和氮。随着对可持续性的增加，热线等离子体焊接工艺提供了显着的优势：更深入而窄的渗透，比冷线等离子体焊接，改善的设计灵活性，大沉积率和低稀释率。因此，在这项工作中研究了热线等离子体焊接过程。焊接过程中使用的电线是钛美国焊接社会（AMS）4951F（2级）焊丝（直径1.6毫米），其中焊接实时与电荷耦合器件相机（CCD摄像机）。我们研究了三个热线等离子体焊接过程的参数：（1）焊接速度，（2）电线电流和（3）送丝速度。检查机械和物理性质（孔隙率，维氏硬度，微观结构和拉伸强度）。发现熔池的层数，长度和宽度以及沉积的珠的宽度增加，而层的高度增加，并且热线电流在沉积中起重要作用。此外，这些结果是通过由热线等离子体焊接/线的添加剂制造工艺产生的标本基准测试，该制造工艺具有开发热线爪过程作为添加剂制造业的潜在替代品。

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