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Reverse Electrodialysis: Co- and Counterflow Optimization of Multistage Configurations for Maximum Energy Efficiency

机译：反向电渗析：多级配置的共同和逆流优化以获得最大能效

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摘要

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is one of the techniques able to harvest energy from the salinity gradient between different salt solutions. There is a tradeoff between efficiency and generated power in a RED stack. This paper focuses on efficiency. A simple model is presented to calculate the efficiency in a co-flow or counterflow operated stack. Moreover, the efficiency can be improved by applying multistaging; the stacks in such a system can also be interconnected externally in co- and counterflow. The four combinations of internally and externally flow modes are the base of further considerations concerning procedures for optimization of these configurations. Three methods for optimization the energy efficiency in a multistage system are discussed: (A) successively maximizing the power of each individual stage, (B) maximizing the power of the whole system by adjusting the electrical current in all stages simultaneously, and (C) maximizing the power of the whole system by adjusting the same current through each stage. Method C is the most attractive because it only requires one converter (cheaper and easier to control) while the results are hardly inferior to B and much better than A. An alternative to multistaging is electrode segmentation and the advantages and disadvantages of both systems are briefly discussed.
机译：反向电渗析（红色）是能够从不同盐溶液之间的盐度梯度收获能量的技术之一。在红色堆栈中有效率和产生的功率之间存在权衡。本文侧重于效率。提出了一种简单的模型来计算汇流或逆流操作堆栈中的效率。此外，通过施加多度验证，可以提高效率;在这种系统中的堆栈也可以在共同和逆流中进行互连。内部和外部流动模式的四种组合是关于关于优化这些配置的程序的进一步考虑的基础。讨论了三种用于优化多级系统中的能量效率的方法：（a）连续地最大化每个单独阶段的功率，（b）通过同时调整所有阶段中的电流来最大化整个系统的功率，（c）通过通过每个阶段调整相同的电流来最大化整个系统的功率。方法C是最具吸引力的，因为它只需要一个转换器（更便宜，更容易控制），而结果几乎没有低于B且比A好多。多度量的替代是电极分割，并且两个系统的优点和缺点是简要的讨论。

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