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美国卫生研究院文献>Environmental Health Perspectives
>Indoor outdoor and regional summer and winter concentrations of PM10 PM2.5 SO4(2)- H+ NH4+ NO3- NH3 and nitrous acid in homes with and without kerosene space heaters.
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Indoor outdoor and regional summer and winter concentrations of PM10 PM2.5 SO4(2)- H+ NH4+ NO3- NH3 and nitrous acid in homes with and without kerosene space heaters.
Twenty-four-hour samples of PM10 (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 10 microm), PM2.5, (mass of particles with aerodynamic diameter < or = 2.5 microm), particle strong acidity (H+), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), ammonia (NH3), nitrous acid (HONO), and sulfur dioxide were collected inside and outside of 281 homes during winter and summer periods. Measurements were also conducted during summer periods at a regional site. A total of 58 homes of nonsmokers were sampled during the summer periods and 223 homes were sampled during the winter periods. Seventy-four of the homes sampled during the winter reported the use of a kerosene heater. All homes sampled in the summer were located in southwest Virginia. All but 20 homes sampled in the winter were also located in southwest Virginia; the remainder of the homes were located in Connecticut. For homes without tobacco combustion, the regional air monitoring site (Vinton, VA) appeared to provide a reasonable estimate of concentrations of PM2.5 and SO42- during summer months outside and inside homes within the region, even when a substantial number of the homes used air conditioning. Average indoor/outdoor ratios for PM2.5 and SO42- during the summer period were 1.03 +/- 0.71 and 0.74 +/- 0.53, respectively. The indoor/outdoor mean ratio for sulfate suggests that on average approximately 75% of the fine aerosol indoors during the summer is associated with outdoor sources. Kerosene heater use during the winter months, in the absence of tobacco combustion, results in substantial increases in indoor concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, and possibly H+, as compared to homes without kerosene heaters. During their use, we estimated that kerosene heaters added, on average, approximately 40 microg/m3 of PM2.5 and 15 microg/m3 of SO42- to background residential levels of 18 and 2 microg/m3, respectively. Results from using sulfuric acid-doped Teflon (E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE) filters in homes with kerosene heaters suggest that acid particle concentrations may be substantially higher than those measured because of acid neutralization by ammonia. During the summer and winter periods indoor concentrations of ammonia are an order of magnitude higher indoors than outdoors and appear to result in lower indoor acid particle concentrations. Nitrous acid levels are higher indoors than outdoors during both winter and summer and are substantially higher in homes with unvented combustion sources.
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机译：PM10（空气动力学直径<或= 10微米的颗粒质量），PM2.5（空气动力学直径<或= 2.5微米的颗粒质量），颗粒强酸度（H +），硫酸盐（SO42）二十四小时样品-）在冬季和夏季期间，在281户房屋的内部和外部收集了硝酸盐（NO3-），氨水（NH3），亚硝酸（HONO）和二氧化硫。夏季还在一个区域站点进行了测量。夏季对58个非吸烟者房屋进行了采样，冬季对223个房屋进行了采样。冬季采样的七十四个房屋报告说使用了煤油取暖器。夏季采样的所有房屋均位于西南弗吉尼亚。除冬季抽样的20所房屋外，所有房屋均位于弗吉尼亚西南部。其余房屋位于康涅狄格州。对于没有烟草燃烧的房屋，区域性空气监测点（弗吉尼亚州温顿）似乎提供了该区域房屋内外夏季期间PM2.5和SO42-浓度的合理估算，即使有相当数量的房屋二手空调。夏季PM2.5和SO42-的平均室内/室外比分别为1.03 +/- 0.71和0.74 +/- 0.53。硫酸盐的室内/室外平均比值表明，夏季平均室内约有75％的气溶胶与室外污染有关。与没有煤油取暖器的房屋相比，冬季使用煤油取暖器的情况下，没有烟草燃烧，导致室内PM2.5，SO42-以及可能的H +浓度大大增加。在使用过程中，我们估计煤油取暖器平均分别增加了约40 microg / m3的PM2.5和15 microg / m3的SO42-达到本底居民水平的18和2 microg / m3。在装有煤油取暖器的房屋中使用掺杂硫酸的特氟龙（E.I. Du Pont de Nemours＆Co.，特拉华州威尔明顿）过滤器的结果表明，由于氨对酸的中和作用，酸颗粒的浓度可能大大高于所测量的浓度。在夏季和冬季，室内的氨浓度比室外的浓度高一个数量级，并且似乎导致室内酸粒子的浓度较低。在冬季和夏季，室内的亚硝酸水平高于室外，而在没有通气燃烧源的家庭中，亚硝酸水平明显较高。
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