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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Frontiers in Microbiology >High resolution depth distribution of Bacteria, Archaea, methanotrophs, and methanogens in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of a flooded rice paddy
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High resolution depth distribution of Bacteria, Archaea, methanotrophs, and methanogens in the bulk and rhizosphere soils of a flooded rice paddy

机译：淹水稻田土壤和根际土壤中细菌，古生菌，甲烷营养菌和产甲烷菌的高分辨率深度分布

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The communities and abundances of methanotrophs and methanogens, along with the oxygen, methane, and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations, were investigated along a depth gradient in a flooded rice paddy. Broad patterns in vertical profiles of oxygen, methane, TOC, and microbial abundances were similar in the bulk and rhizosphere soils, though methane and TOC concentrations and 16S rRNA gene copies were clearly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil. Oxygen concentrations decreased sharply to below detection limits at 8 mm depth. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes showed that bacterial and archaeal communities varied according to the oxic, oxic-anoxic, and anoxic zones, indicating that oxygen is a determining factor for the distribution of bacterial and archaeal communities. Aerobic methanotrophs were maximally observed near the oxic-anoxic interface, while methane, TOC, and methanogens were highest in the rhizosphere soil at 30–200 mm depth, suggesting that methane is produced mainly from organic carbon derived from rice plants and is metabolized aerobically. The relative abundances of type I methanotrophs such as Methylococcus, Methylomonas, and Methylocaldum decreased more drastically than those of type II methanotrophs (such as Methylocystis and Methylosinus) with increasing depth. Methanosaeta and Methanoregula were predominant methanogens at all depths, and the relative abundances of Methanosaeta, Methanoregula, and Methanosphaerula, and GOM_Arc_I increased with increasing depth. Based on contrasts between absolute abundances of methanogens and methanotrophs at depths sampled across rhizosphere and bulk soils (especially millimeter-scale slices at the surface), we have identified populations of methanogens (Methanosaeta, Methanoregula, Methanocella, Methanobacterium, and Methanosphaerula), and methanotrophs (Methylosarcina, Methylococcus, Methylosinus, and unclassified Methylocystaceae) that are likely physiologically active in situ.
机译：在淹没的稻田中，沿深度梯度调查了甲烷营养菌和产甲烷菌的群落和丰富度，以及氧，甲烷和总有机碳（TOC）的浓度。在块状和根际土壤中，氧气，甲烷，TOC和微生物丰度的垂直分布图中的宽分布模式相似，尽管根际土壤中的甲烷和TOC浓度以及16S rRNA基因拷贝明显高于块状土壤。在8毫米深度处，氧气浓度急剧下降至检测极限以下。 16S rRNA基因的焦磷酸测序结果表明，细菌和古细菌群落根据缺氧，缺氧-缺氧和缺氧区域的不同而变化，这表明氧是细菌和古细菌群落分布的决定因素。在有氧-缺氧界面附近最大程度地观察到好氧甲烷氧化菌，而根际土壤中深度为30-200 mm的甲烷，TOC和产甲烷菌最高，表明甲烷主要由稻米植物产生的有机碳产生，并通过需氧代谢。随着深度的增加，I型甲烷营养菌（例如甲基球菌，甲基单孢菌和甲基本地菌）的相对丰度比II型甲基营养菌（例如甲基囊藻和甲基肌球菌）的相对丰度大幅下降。甲烷菌和甲烷八叠球菌是所有深度的主要产甲烷菌，甲烷菌，甲烷八叠球和甲烷菌的相对丰度以及GOM_Arc_I随深度增加而增加。根据在根际和块状土壤（尤其是表面的毫米级切片）上采样的深度的产甲烷菌和甲烷营养菌的绝对丰度之间的对比，我们确定了产甲烷菌的种群（甲烷菌，甲烷藻，甲烷菌，甲烷菌和甲烷菌） （甲基孢子虫，甲基球菌，甲基肌球菌和未分类的囊藻科）可能在原位具有生理活性。

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