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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Frontiers in Microbiology >Microbiome composition and geochemical characteristics of deep subsurface high-pressure environment, Pyhäsalmi mine Finland
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Microbiome composition and geochemical characteristics of deep subsurface high-pressure environment, Pyhäsalmi mine Finland

机译：芬兰比哈萨尔米矿山深部地下高压环境的微生物组组成和地球化学特征

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Pyhäsalmi mine in central Finland provides an excellent opportunity to study microbial and geochemical processes in a deep subsurface crystalline rock environment through near-vertical drill holes that reach to a depth of more than two kilometers below the surface. However, microbial sampling was challenging in this high-pressure environment. Nucleic acid yields obtained were extremely low when compared to the cell counts detected (1.4 × 104 cells mL−1) in water. The water for nucleic acid analysis went through high decompression (60–130 bar) during sampling, whereas water samples for detection of cell counts by microscopy could be collected with slow decompression. No clear cells could be identified in water that went through high decompression. The high-pressure decompression may have damaged part of the cells and the nucleic acids escaped through the filter. The microbial diversity was analyzed from two drill holes by pyrosequencing amplicons of the bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA genes and from the fungal ITS regions from both DNA and RNA fractions. The identified prokaryotic diversity was low, dominated by Firmicute, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria species that are common in deep subsurface environments. The archaeal diversity consisted mainly of Methanobacteriales. Ascomycota dominated the fungal diversity and fungi were discovered to be active and to produce ribosomes in the deep oligotrophic biosphere. The deep fluids from the Pyhäsalmi mine shared several features with other deep Precambrian continental subsurface environments including saline, Ca-dominated water and stable isotope compositions positioning left from the meteoric water line. The dissolved gas phase was dominated by nitrogen but the gas composition clearly differed from that of atmospheric air. Despite carbon-poor conditions indicated by the lack of carbon-rich fracture fillings and only minor amounts of dissolved carbon detected in formation waters, some methane was found in the drill holes. No dramatic differences in gas compositions were observed between different gas sampling methods tested. For simple characterization of gas composition the most convenient way to collect samples is from free flowing fluid. However, compared to a pressurized method a relative decrease in the least soluble gases may appear.
机译：芬兰中部的比哈萨尔米（Pyhsalmi）矿山提供了一个绝佳的机会，可以通过深垂直的钻孔来研究深层地下结晶岩环境中的微生物和地球化学过程，该钻孔的深度可达地表以下两公里。但是，在这种高压环境下，微生物采样具有挑战性。与在水中检测到的细胞计数（1.4×10 4 个细胞mL -1 ）相比，所获得的核酸产量极低。在采样过程中，用于核酸分析的水经历了高度减压（60–130 bar），而通过显微镜检测细胞计数的水样品可以在缓慢减压下收集。在经过高度减压的水中无法识别出透明细胞。高压减压可能已经损坏了部分细胞，并且核酸通过过滤器逸出。通过对细菌和古细菌16S rRNA基因的焦磷酸测序以及两个DNA和RNA组分的真菌ITS区的焦磷酸测序，从两个钻孔中分析了微生物多样性。所确定的原核生物多样性较低，主要是在深层地下环境中常见的硬菌，β-和γ-变形杆菌种。古细菌的多样性主要由甲烷菌组成。子囊菌主导了真菌的多样性，真菌被发现具有活性，并在深营养贫化的生物圈中产生核糖体。来自Pyhäsalmi矿的深层流体与其他深寒前寒武纪的陆下地下环境具有几个特征，包括盐水，Ca为主的水和位于稳定水线下方的稳定同位素组成。溶解的气相以氮气为主，但气体成分明显不同于大气。尽管由于缺乏富碳的裂缝填充物而表明碳贫乏，并且在地层水中仅检测到少量的溶解碳，但在钻孔中仍发现了一些甲烷。在所测试的不同气体采样方法之间，未观察到气体成分的显着差异。为了简单地表征气体成分，最方便的采样方法是从自由流动的流体中进行。但是，与加压方法相比，最不溶性气体可能会相对减少。

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