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首页> 美国卫生研究院文献>Frontiers in Pharmacology >Aspergillus terreus (Trichocomaceae): A Natural, Eco-Friendly Mycoinsecticide for Control of Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue Vectors and Its Toxicity Assessment Against an Aquatic Model Organism Artemia nauplii
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Aspergillus terreus (Trichocomaceae): A Natural, Eco-Friendly Mycoinsecticide for Control of Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue Vectors and Its Toxicity Assessment Against an Aquatic Model Organism Artemia nauplii

机译：土曲霉（Trichocomaceae）：一种天然，生态友好的杀真菌剂，用于控制疟疾，丝虫病，登革热媒介及其对水生模型生物卤虫无节幼体的毒性评估。

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Vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, and dengue are transmitted by mosquitoes and they cause global mortality and morbidity due to an increased resistance against commercial insecticides. The present study was aimed to evaluate the neurobehavioral toxicity, knock-down effect, histopathology, ovicidal, adulticidal, and smoke toxicity effect of Aspergillus terreus extract against three mosquito species, namely Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). The isolated fungal strain was identified as A. terreus (GenBank accession no: ) through morphological and molecular (phylogenetic) analysis. The morphological changes in the treated fourth instar larvae shown the demelanization of cuticle and shrinkage of the internal cuticle of anal papillae. The time duration of extract exposure against the larvae determines the level of toxicity. The extract treated larvae were displayed excitation, violent vertical and horizontal movements with aggressive anal biting behavior as the toxic effect on the neuromuscular system. The results of the biochemical analysis indicated that a decrease in the level of acetylcholinesterase, α-carboxylesterase, and β-carboxylesterase in extract treated fourth instar larvae of all tested mosquito species. The findings of histopathological investigation shown the disorganization of the abdominal region, mainly in mid, hindgut, and gastric caeca, loss of antenna, lateral hair, caudal hair, upper and lower head hairs in the mycelium extract treated An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and Ae. aegypti. The ovicidal bioassay test results showed the mosquito hatchability percentage was directly related to the concentrations of mycelium extract. Nil hatchability of mosquito eggs was noticed at 500 μg/ml concentration. The adulticidal activity of fungal mycelia ethyl acetate extract resulted in a dose-dependent activity (15 and 30 min recovery periods). The higher concentration of extract (1000 mg/L) acted as a repellent, the adult mosquitoes showed restless movement, uncontrolled/anesthetic flight at last died. The better adulticidal activity was observed in the ethyl acetate extract against An. stephensi, Cx. quinquefasciatus followed by Ae. aegypti with the best score of LD50 and LD90 values and nil mortality was found in the control. The results of smoke toxicity assay of the mycelia extract exhibited significant mortality rate against Ae. aegypti (91%), Cx. quinquefasciatus (89%), and An. stephensi (84%). In addition, the present investigation reported the stability and toxic effects of A. terreus mycelium ethyl acetate extract on Artemia nauplii. The swimming speed (0.88 mm s-1) of A. terreus was reduced with ethyl extract 24 h treatment whereas, the control A. nauplii showed the normal speed of 2.96 mm s-1. Altered behavior and swimming movement were observed in the 8 h A. terreus mycelium extract treated A. nauplii. A pale yellow color substance (metabolites) was found in the mid-gut region of the mycelial extract exposed A. nauplii. The outcome of the present study, suggest that the A. terreus metabolites might serve as an alternative, cost-effective, eco-friendly, and target specific mosquitocidal agent in the future.
机译：媒介传播的疾病，例如疟疾，丝虫病和登革热，是通过蚊子传播的，由于对商业杀虫剂的抵抗力增强，它们导致了全球性的死亡和发病。本研究旨在评估曲霉曲霉提取物对三种蚊虫（斯蒂芬按蚊，库克斯库蚊和埃及伊蚊（Diptera：Culicidae））的神经行为毒性，敲除作用，组织病理学，杀卵，杀螨和烟雾毒性作用。 。通过形态学和分子（系统发育）分析，分离出的真菌菌株被鉴定为土曲霉（GenBank登录号：）。经处理的四龄幼虫的形态变化显示了角质层的脱黑和肛门乳头内部角质层的收缩。提取物与幼虫接触的持续时间决定了毒性水平。提取物处理的幼虫表现出兴奋性，剧烈的垂直和水平运动以及对人的肌肉系统的毒性作用，具有积极的肛门咬伤行为。生化分析结果表明，提取物处理的所有受蚊种的四龄幼虫的乙酰胆碱酯酶，α-羧酸酯酶和β-羧酸酯酶水平均下降。组织病理学检查的结果显示，经处理的菌丝体提取物中的腹部区域杂乱无章，主要在中肠，后肠和胃盲肠，触角缺失，侧发，尾毛，上下头毛缺失。斯蒂芬斯，Cx。 quinquefasciatus和Ae。埃及。杀卵剂生物测定测试结果表明，蚊子的孵化率与菌丝体提取物的浓度直接相关。浓度为500μg/ ml时，蚊子的孵化率为零。真菌菌丝体乙酸乙酯提取物的杀螨活性导致剂量依赖性活性（15和30分钟的恢复期）。较高浓度的提取物（1000 mg / L）起到了驱避作用，成年蚊子表现出不安定的运动，失控/麻醉飞行最终死亡。在乙酸乙酯提取物中观察到较好的对An的杀螨活性。斯蒂芬斯，Cx。 quinquefasciatus其次是Ae。在对照组中发现埃及斑潜蝇的LD50和LD90值得分最高，死亡率为零。菌丝体提取物的烟雾毒性测定结果显示出对Ae的显着死亡率。埃及（91％），Cx。 quinquefasciatus（89％），以及斯蒂芬斯（84％）。此外，本研究报道了土曲霉菌丝体乙酸乙酯提取物对无节肢无节幼体的稳定性和毒性作用。乙基提取物处理24 h降低了土壤曲霉的游泳速度（0.88 mm s -1 ），而对照组无节肢动物的正常速度为2.96 mm s -1 < / sup>。在8 h的土壤曲霉菌丝体提取物处理过的 A中，观察到行为和游泳运动发生了变化。无节制。在暴露于 A的菌丝体提取物的中肠区域发现了淡黄色物质（代谢产物）。无节制。本研究的结果表明， A。土类代谢物可能会在将来成为一种替代，具有成本效益，生态友好的目标，并且是针对特定灭蚊剂的。

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