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Subfunctionalization of Sigma Factors during the Evolution of Land Plants Based on Mutant Analysis of Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha L.) MpSIG1

机译：基于对艾蒿（Marchantia polymorpha L.）MpSIG1突变分析的陆地植物进化过程中Sigma因子的亚功能化

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Sigma factor is a subunit of plastid-encoded RNA polymerase that regulates the transcription of plastid-encoded genes by recognizing a set of promoters. Sigma factors have increased in copy number and have diversified during the evolution of land plants, but details of this process remain unknown. Liverworts represent the basal group of embryophytes and are expected to retain the ancestral features of land plants. In liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha L.), we isolated and characterized a T-DNA-tagged mutant (Mpsig1) of sigma factor 1 (MpSIG1). The mutant did not show any visible phenotypes, implying that MpSIG1 function is redundant with that of other sigma factors. However, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and RNA gel blot analysis revealed that genes related to photosynthesis were downregulated, resulting in the minor reduction of some protein complexes. The transcript levels of genes clustered in the petL, psaA, psbB, psbK, and psbE operons of liverwort were lower than those in the wild type, a result similar to that in the SIG1 defective mutant in rice (Oryza sativa). Overexpression analysis revealed primitive functional divergence between the SIG1 and SIG2 proteins in bryophytes, whereas these proteins still retain functional redundancy. We also discovered that the predominant sigma factor for ndhF mRNA expression has been diversified in liverwort, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and rice. Our study shows the ancestral function of SIG1 and the process of functional partitioning (subfunctionalization) of sigma factors during the evolution of land plants.
机译：Sigma因子是质体编码RNA聚合酶的一个亚基，可通过识别一组启动子来调节质体编码基因的转录。在陆地植物的进化过程中，西格玛因子的拷贝数已经增加并且已经多样化，但是这个过程的细节仍然未知。地艾代表着胚芽植物的基础，有望保留陆地植物的祖先特征。在地草中（Marchantia polymorpha L.），我们分离并鉴定了sigma因子1（MpSIG1）的T-DNA标签突变体（Mpsig1）。该突变体没有显示任何可见的表型，这意味着MpSIG1功能与其他sigma因子的功能是多余的。然而，定量逆转录聚合酶链反应和RNA凝胶印迹分析表明，与光合作用相关的基因被下调，从而导致某些蛋白质复合物的少量还原。越橘的petL，psaA，psbB，psbK和psbE操纵子中聚类的基因的转录水平低于野生型基因，其结果与水稻（Oryza sativa）的SIG1缺陷突变体相似。过度表达分析揭示苔藓植物中SIG1和SIG2蛋白之间的原始功能差异，而这些蛋白仍保留功能冗余。我们还发现ndhF mRNA表达的主要sigma因子已经在艾蒿，拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana）和水稻中得到了多样化。我们的研究显示了SIG1的祖先功能以及sigma因子在陆地植物进化过程中的功能分配（亚功能化）过程。

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